Redemption exercise (finance management) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Reclamation work out (money the board) - Essay Example (c)Oak plc utilizes a ‘moderate coordinating policy’ for the financing of its non-current resources and working capital. Utilizing the outline beneath, which shows a moderate coordinating arrangement clarify the significance of the term ‘moderate ‘in connection to financing of benefits and recognize a moderate coordinating approach from (I) a forceful strategy and (ii) a traditionalist approach. (10 imprints). Moderate coordinating strategy calls for coordinating resources and liabilities development. That is the entirety of the fixed resources in addition to the lasting current resources are financed with long haul capital, yet brief current resources are account with transient obligation (Brigham and Ehrhardt, 2013). It is approach that empowers firms to back a portion of its perpetual resources with momentary obligation. That is, the entirety of the present resources †fluctuating and lasting current resources and part of non-current resources are financed with transient credit. a) Factoring is a methods for using accounts receivables to create income by offering them to a factor and along these lines viably changing over credit deals to money deals. The purchaser of the products is informed to make installments to the factor. Receipt limiting is the arrangement of money against the security of a specific level of receivables. The title to the receipt and the rights to the returns stay with the vender. The lender will buy a company’s receipt at a markdown yet the administration of receivables and assortment will stay with the organization (Brigham and Ehrhardt, 2013). (c)Describe the impact overtrading would have on the principle bookkeeping proportions. (You may wish to think about the accompanying proportions: basic analysis proportion, stock days, exchange receivable days, exchange payable days and current proportion) (10 imprints) The development in deals volume builds the stock and receivables. This will influence the working capital administration proficiency prompting an expansion in the exchange receivable and

Dictionaries to the Rescue On the Importance of Words in a Post-Truth Era

Dictionaries to the Rescue On the Importance of Words in a Post-Truth Era In his 1946 essay, Politics and the English Language, George Orwell discusses the consequences and causes of sloppy language. Its  a vicious cycle: “[Language] becomes ugly and inaccurate because our thoughts are foolish, but the slovenliness of our language makes it easier for us to have foolish thoughts.” In this “post-truth” age of “alternative facts”, when we can’t seem to agree on the most basic principles, Orwell’s essay is more relevant than ever. We are hungry for accurate language, desperate to find some way to at least agree on what words mean, even if we can’t agree on anything else. Dictionaries, the stuffy authorities of the grade school classroom, are stepping up into the gap. As Katherine Rosman wrote in a recent New York Times article, dictionaries are making a comeback. People are returning to them as a touch-stone of authoritative knowledge. A dictionary is no longer simply a book that is too big to fit into your purse; it’s an active presence in political discourse, entering the conversation in real-time on social media. Merriam-Webster (@MerriamWebster) and Dictionary.com (@Dictionarycom) are not only defining words, but also providing biting political commentary. Rosman reports that, according to the head of Dictionary.com’s marketing department, “the intent is not to be political or partisan”, but rather to “demonstrate the relevance and usefulness of an expanded vocabulary”. This may be true, but here’s the thing. Language, and our use of it, is inherently political. In an atmosphere of confusing rhetoric and blatant falsehoods, the very act of defining a word is political. Rooting out bad habits in language is essential in the fight against oppression. As Orwell says, “If one gets rid of these habits one can think more clearly, and to think clearly is a necessary first step toward political regeneration: so that the fight against bad English is not frivolous and is not the exclusive concern of professional writers.” If you needed any proof of the power of books, here it is. Words, and how we use them, matter. Dictionary.com and Merriam-Webster are not just entertaining and informing us. They are taking an essential step towards freeing us: giving us the tools, the words, to free ourselves. This is important work, and in a world where the president of the United States is a Twitter troll, it’s risky work that takes bravery and stamina. These dictionaries are part of a community of people and organizations with the audacity to use words with precision in the face of mendacious power. Where words come from and what they mean matters. The history of a word is the history of a concept, and thats the foundation of our ability to talk about anything. Certain forces would like to redefine key concepts like racism and religious freedom. Dictionaries are on the front lines of that battle. They may not have set out to be political, but like many other respected institutions (e.g. libraries and schools), at the moment the very act of continuing to fulfill their function is political. I started out being amused by Merriam-Webster’s tweets, but as time goes on I’m increasingly in awe. As a writer and reader, I believe in the power of words to help carry us through this turbulent moment in history. It’s incredibly comforting to know that those benevolent linguistic deities of my childhood, the reliable old dictionaries, are on side.

Sociological Imagination - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1205 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/05/15 Category Sociology Essay Level High school Tags: Sociological Imagination Essay Did you like this example? Sociological Imagination Wright Mills described sociological imagination as the changes in our social lives that affect us leading to private and public troubles. Due to revolution and technological advancements, social relations of individuals are transformed and a  newset of challenges creep in. man, therefore, feels confined and powerless in such situations because at work they have to perform their stipulated duties, while at home they have to be family persons. Work-life balance has been a controversial issue in the 21stcentury with employers offering flexible work schedules to create employee family time. It has been found to positively impact productivity and employee morale. Sociological imagination requires us to adopt a way of thinking and questioning in given situations.Sociological imagination demands that we look at the world sociologically and ask about the structure of the society, the place of society in history, and the kind of people a society produces. An  individualspersonal  lifeis shaped not only by their personal life experiences but also the society they live in and the historical periods to which they belong. Person troubles and public issues relate to sociology and affect an individual social thinking. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Sociological Imagination" essay for you Create order Unemployment rates are public issues because it affects many people in a society. Hence, dependency rates, crime, corruption, and prostitution as social issues arise in a society due to high unemployment rates. However, divorce is a private problem that affects a family setting, but a high divorce rate in a given society is a public issue.People who uphold societal values and morals are supported while those who deviate from them are criticized. The history of a society determines the nature of lives of the individuals in it. For example, religion as a social issue could influence behavior and morals of a society based on whether it is strongly upheld or less observed. Compassion and love in such societies  reducesocial problems like poverty, unemployment, corruption, and drought. Sociological imagination connects biography and history since certain crises and anxieties are experienced in our societies (Mills, 1959). Underdeveloped and developing economies ancient historical livelihoods are abandoned and expectations become urgent issues. For example, poverty levels are high even though such countries have many unexploited natural resources.Ones personal  lifeis connected to the historical world, hence man should strive to understand the  socialhistory they live in. it will be easier to relate  tootherswithin and outside the society because of the values instilled  insocial interactions. The society shapes our quality of thinking to enable effective handling of complex situations at home, schools,  andworkplaces. For example, it is unethical to hire or fire an employee on the basis of race, social status or gender. Modern day society has been enlightened and empowered to conquer social problems regardless of sex. Revolution and capitalism are presently affecting individuals and societal ways of livelihood. Individualism is on the rise and communalism has been shunned due to digitization and westernization.Globalization has affected sociological thinking such that peoples thinking capacities have shown them the essence of international trade and intermarriages. Even though some of the social problems like discrimination are imminent, great milestones have been attained in international relations (De Maio, 2013). Developed economies have collaborated with developing economies to improve the quality of livelihoods through economic investments and political stability strategies. Some nations, however, feel that western countries are interfering too much with their affairs, and this has led to political strife, recession, and terrorism. People require sociological imagination to realize that what they deem as personal troubles are rooted in public issues. Treasured values in people are under threat because they feel that entrapment in their troubles makes them indifferent. Capitalism and democracy have been emerging issues in our societies in an effort to make lives socially better (Mills, 1959). Capitalism has made economies more industrialized to foster economic growth  throughemployment and exportation of finished goods. Democracy requires that basic human rights be observed as provided in a given constitution. However, there are some instances whereby Supreme Courts orders are violated, like in the case of unwarranted searches and racial profiling to identify criminals in a given society. Sociological imagination has led to the conclusion that minority groups in given communities are being discriminated against due to their race, color, or social status.Housing arrangements and employment opportunities in some societies are such that certain groups of individuals are given priority over others. Embracing diversity in a society promotes the  harmoniousexistence of all groups of people and realization of talent (Hackstaff, 2010). Information flow has been effective due digitization and technology, and the society is better placed to make informed decisions. Structural changes increase with interconnection and embracing of unity by our institutions. Sociological imagination requires stakeholders to cohabit in unison for the greater benefit of the society in the dynamic world. The values of  well-being, indifference,  anduneasiness determine whether a person is aware of and cherishes the values. Historically, some values since World War II have been inherited in  present-daysocieties.The economiccrisis is a good example of a situation whereby sociological imagination is needed. It is both a public issue and private trouble because it affects a nations stability and quality of its citizens livelihood respectively. The cost of living for households goes high and unemployment rates increase. Financial institutions are also affected due to fluctuating interest rates hence low investment opportunities. Sociology contributes to a better understanding of a global economic crisis. It sparks discussions on how to deal with the public issue through political interventions, nationalization of financial institutions, bailouts,  andappropriate monetary policies. Individuals imaginations and opinions on the best policy differ from a society to another due to historical backgrounds.In context, the Great Recession between 2007 and 2009 was occasioned by a sharp rise in oil prices and reduced home prices. Financial institutions encountered bank runs and different stakeholders were adversely affected by the crisis. Sociological imagination is applicable in this case because some individuals thought that it was only a US problem yet it was a global crisis. The crisis could be solved through various policies but the best action the Federal government adopted was quantitative easing (Krishnamurthy, Foster, 2017). Despite the Great Recession, the United States regained economic stability and is still a  superpower. Socially, an individuals private problem should not hinder them from achieving their goals and aspirations.  In conclusion, sociological imagination as put forward by Wright Mills enables individuals in a society to think critically  aboutinstances of social issues and private troubles. Any personal situation is somehow linked to the society they live in hence the need to take on an unfamiliar perspective to deal with the crisis. Failure by a society to achieve success is attributed to social structure such as pollution, corruption, and labor force exploitation. Personal responsibility is expected of an individual in a society such that they adopt sociological imagination to solve day to day challenges.   References De Maio, F. (2013). Regression Analysis and the Sociological Imagination.  Teaching Statistics, 36(2), 52-57.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/test.12019Hackstaff, K. (2010). Family Genealogy: A Sociological Imagination Reveals Intersectional Relations.  Sociology Compass, 4(8), 658-672.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9020.2010.00307.xKrishnamurthy, A., Foster, T. (2017). Quantitative Easing in the Great Recession.  Kellogg School Of Management Cases, 1(1), 1-23.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/case.kellong.2016.000271Mills, C. (1959).  The sociological imagination.New York: Oxford University Press.

The Reluctant Fundamentalist Monologuw Essay - 867 Words

ESL TEXT RESPONSE ESSAY – The Reluctant Fundamentalist The novel is presented in the form of one man’s monologue. Discuss the effects of this narrative structure. 808 words ‘The Reluctant Fundamentalist’ by Mohsin Hamid uses the narrative technique monologue, which is a long uninterrupted speech of a character directly addressing another character or the audience. The use of monologue facilitates Hamid’s viewpoints to go across the reader effortlessly. The effect of the usage of monologue is that Hamid engages the reader directly drawing them into the narrative by the creation of a nameless American character who mirrors the audience. Another outcome of using monologue is that it silences American’s point of view and therefore Hamid†¦show more content†¦Monologue explicitly silences American point of view. â€Å"As a society, you were unwilling to reflect up on the shared pain that united you with those who attacked you.† Changez tells his listener that he believes that America has no capacity to see itself as a part of the wider world. By giving a voice to Changez, who embody a Pakistani or non- American point of view, the novel turns the situation and answer back to America. By the usage of monologue ESL TEXT RESPONSE ESSAY – The Reluctant Fundamentalist The novel is presented in the form of one man’s monologue. Discuss the effects of this narrative structure. 808 words Hamid is giving his message that it the time for the non-American to speak and share their feelings related to 9/11 attack to the world. Criticising the American campaign in Afghanistan, Changez illustrates â€Å"the partisan and sports events like coverage given to the mismatch between the American bombers with their twenty- first century weaponry and ill- equipped and ill-fed Afghan tribes men.† The American voice that has been loudest, most pervasive voice in the international media since September 11 is silenced in the novel. Through the novel and by the usage of monologue Hamid point out that it is not only Americans who has their interpretation of 9/11 attack, the rest of the world has also their own perceptions on the event. The employment of monologue also creates an unreliable narrator. â€Å"There is no reason why this incident

Software Engineering Assignments Free Essays

1.For each of the following documents, indicate in which phse(s) of the software life cycle it is produced: final user manual, architectural design, SQA plan, module specification, source code, statement of work, test plan, preliminary user annual, detailed design, cost estimate, project plan, test report, documentation. 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Software Engineering Assignments or any similar topic only for you Order Now Order the following tasks in terms of the waterfall model: acceptance testing, project planning, unit testing, requirements review, cost estimating, high level design, market analysis, low-level design, systems testing, design review, implementation, requirement specification. 3.How does a phased life cycle model assist software management? SOFTWARE METRICS 1.What is McCabe’s cyclomatic number? Determine the same for: 2.In Halstead’s metrices, what is the significance of : (i)operators and operands (ii)potential operands, (iii)Length (iv)Estimated length (v)Volume (vi)Potential volume (vii)Implementation Level 3.How is effort and time calculated in Halstead method? 4.Why is the number of decisions + 1 an important method for calculating McCabe’s cyclomatic no.? (Ans: It would be very time consuming to have to construct the control flow graph for large programs). 5.Why is monotonicity an important characteristic of a size or effort metric such as Halstead’s effort metric? (Ans: If adding more code can cause the value of the effort metric to decrease, then the metric’s behavior is not understandable. It may also mean that the metric is manipulated). 6.Why is complexity not readily measurable? (Ans: Complexity is not well defined and each one has different interpretation. It is interaction between person and code that makes it difficult to define). 7.Calculate McCabe’s complexity on the following source code. Draw a control flow graph. Read x,y,z; Type = ‘scalene’; If(x= =y or x= =z or y = =x) type = ‘isosceles’; If(x= =y or x= =z) type ‘equilateral’; If(x =y+z or y =x+z or z= x+y)) type ‘not a triangle’; If(x =0 or y =0 or| z How to cite Software Engineering Assignments, Papers

Dissertation Proposal for 5-Star Hotel in Amsterdam- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theDissertation Proposal for 5-Star Hotel in Amsterdam. Answer: Title: The motivating factors that enhances staff participation in the Amsterdam 5-Star Hotel Industry- a case study of two 5-star hotels- The Dylan Amsterdam and Hotel Okura Amsterdam Overall Aim of Project: The main aim of this particular research study is to evaluate and recognize the key indicators that act as the motivating factor for enhancing the participation of staff in the 5-star hotel industry of Amsterdam, taking in the case studies of big hotels like The Dylan Amsterdam and Hotel Okura Amsterdam. Objectives: The research study would be based on the following three main objectives: To investigate and significantly observe the current academic literature related to the motivating factors of employees in hospitality industry. Several theories like Herzbergs Two-Factor theory of motivation and Maslows Hierarchy needs would be taken in along with major discussions on recognizing the factors that generally motivates employees in performing to the highest standard. (Secondary Research) To investigate and analyze the factors or criteria of motivation that brings the best out of the 50 employees working in the two prestigious luxury hotels of Amsterdam- The Dylan Amsterdam and Hotel Okura Amsterdam. (Primary Research) To recognize and scrutinize the principal dialogue related to the motivation of the 40 employees and enhancing their participation at workplace in two luxurious hotels in Amsterdam-The Dylan Amsterdam and Hotel Okura Amsterdam. (Primary Research) To illustrate conclusion along with any sort of recommendation if required on the ways employee motivation can be bettered by HR of two luxurious hotels in the hospitality industry of Amsterdam. (Secondary and Primary Research) Research Question: This particular research study would also consider certain research questions on which the total research work would be based. What are the various ways and strategies through which the HR motivates employees and enhance their participation in the 5-star hotel industry of Amsterdam? What are the issues faced by the HR at certain points in motivating their employees during high pressurized situations in the 5-star hotel industry of Amsterdam? How do they overcome such pressurized situations and still motivate their employees in giving their best shot in the 5-star hotel industry of Amsterdam? Research: This research study would take into account the methods of both secondary and primary research for the successful completion of the study. Both these methods would help the researcher in reaching to his goal of conducting this study on this particular subject. Secondary Research: The literature review part of the research study would be exploring several theories, opinions and relevant information that exist over the broad database, journals, books and magazines. The researcher would be making proper use of all the materials and analyze the same, giving him a rough idea on the findings of the previous researches on the same subject matter (Zopiatis, Constanti and Theocharous 2014). Researches of other authors would let the researcher understand the exact angles that have been covered on the topic and what have been left out. Primary Research: In producing the second segment of the research project; Qualitative data would be collected from the two luxurious hotels existing in Amsterdam. Both these hotels have been considered as samples as they have been the mainstay in the 5-star hotel industry of Amsterdam over many years (Tar et al. 2017). People like staying in these two hotels for their best customer service which is the result of the employees putting in their best foot forward in determining the customers get the best possible service. For the objectives B and C as stated above, for gaining of an impending into the probable intrinsic and extrinsic factors having an influence on the motivational factors of employees that develops their performance, a minimum of 20 one to one interviews would be assumed. These one to one interviews with the individuals would be the one who works with the two luxurious hotels under discussion or are atleast closely related with the organizations of case study. Out of those 20, 5 would be the HR managers sharing the hotels strategy in dealing with employee motivation. The interviews would be recorded for future purpose and it would be following a semi-structured format, with every interview following the universal guide (Milln et al. 2013). For analyzing of all the interviews, thematic analysis would be undertaken with the main patterns being recognized and properly stated and analyzed (Karatepe 2013). The research would be following a non-probability sampling technique, preferably snowball method For addressing any sort of biasness along with misrepresentation, innate within the process of interview based methods of collecting data and in gaining an imminent into probable extrinsic, environmental factors influencing the motivational factors, the interviewed candidates would be asked to maintain a notebook. They would be told to record any factor or situation happening within the day that might either motivate or de-motivate them in giving their best at that point of time. Their emotional feelings at that particular point of time should be noted along with what according to them might work in better way. These diaries would be collected and the information extracted from these would be presented through narrative analysis with the recognizing the main themes, comparing them and evaluation of the same (Srensen and Jensen 2015). A questionnaire would also be distributed to all the 40 employees in determining the motivational factors that best satisfies the employees and brings out the best performance from them. All these questionnaires would be mailed to the selected employees and managers. Ethical Consideration: Ethical consideration is another important factor that must be considered by the researcher while going along with the process of research. Proper permission is required for the researcher in carrying out his research work in the two above stated luxurious hotels in Amsterdam. A formal application is to be provided citing in the research details and what is at stake. An agreement should be made on the matter of secrecy on this subject and that a formal discussion on the things required for the research study. It is upto the researcher to maintain complete secrecy as per the agreement on the responses of the employees and the managers on the subject matter. Moreover, the researcher should also focus on not leaking out any company information at any point of time. Reference: Benavides-Velasco, C.A., Quintana-Garca, C. and Marchante-Lara, M., 2014. Total quality management, corporate social responsibility and performance in the hotel industry.International Journal of Hospitality Management,41, pp.77-87. Karatepe, O.M., 2013. High-performance work practices and hotel employee performance: The mediation of work engagement.International Journal of Hospitality Management,32, pp.132-140. Milln, J.M., Hessels, J., Thurik, R. and Aguado, R., 2013. Determinants of job satisfaction: a European comparison of self-employed and paid employees.Small business economics,40(3), pp.651-670. Robinson, R.N., Kralj, A., Solnet, D.J., Goh, E. and Callan, V., 2014. Thinking job embeddedness not turnover: Towards a better understanding of frontline hotel worker retention.International Journal of Hospitality Management,36, pp.101-109. Srensen, F. and Jensen, J.F., 2015. Value creation and knowledge development in tourism experience encounters.Tourism Management,46, pp.336-346. Tar, J.J., Pereira-Moliner, J., Pertusa-Ortega, E.M., Lpez-Gamero, M.D. and Molina-Azorn, J.F., 2017. Does quality management improve performance or vice versa? Evidence from the hotel industry.Service Business,11(1), pp.23-43. Zopiatis, A., Constanti, P. and Theocharous, A.L., 2014. Job involvement, commitment, satisfaction and turnover: Evidence from hotel employees in Cyprus.Tourism Management,41, pp.129-140.

Engineering Topics From Electric Power Steering to the Airbag System Essay Example

Engineering Topics: From Electric Power Steering to the Airbag System Essay Electric power steering (EPS or EPAS) uses an electric motor to assist the driver of a vehicle. Sensors detect the position and torque of the steering column, and a computer module applies assistive torque via the motor, which connects to either the steering gear or steering column. This allows varying amounts of assistance to be applied depending on driving conditions. Engineers can therefore tailor steering-gear response to variable-rate and variable-damping suspension systems, optimizing ride, handling, and steering for each vehicle. 15] On Fiat group cars the amount of assistance can be regulated using a button named CITY that switches between two different assist curves, while most other EPS systems have variable assist. These give more assistance as the vehicle slows down, and less at faster speeds. In the event of component failure that fails to provide assistance, a mechanical linkage such as a rack and pinion serves as a back-up in a manner similar to that of hydraulic syste ms.Electric systems have an advantage in fuel efficiency because there is no belt-driven hydraulic pump constantly running, whether assistance is required or not, and this is a major reason for their introduction. Another major advantage is the elimination of a belt-driven engine accessory, and several high-pressure hydraulic hoses between the hydraulic pump, mounted on the engine, and the steering gear, mounted on the chassis. This greatly simplifies manufacturing and maintenance. By incorporating electronic stability control electric power steering systems can instantly vary torque assist levels to aid the driver in corrective maneuvers. 16] Electric Power Steering (EPS) is favored over hydraulic power steering in most new vehicles. Eliminating the power steering pump can reduce weight and improve fuel economy. EPS also offers greater handling and steering feel while improving vehicle safety by adapting the steering torque to the vehicles speed and providing active torque in criti cal driving situations. The central electronic elements of todays electric power steering systems are modern 16- and 32-bit MCUs designed for safety-critical applications.Freescales 16-bit and Qorivva 32-bit single and dual-core MCU provide enhanced computing power and specialized peripherals for complex electric motor control functions. Integrated power supply solutions are also important elements of a power steering control unit. They provide connectivity to automotive busses, such as CAN and LIN. For MOSFET power stages control, integrated pre-drivers are typically used to interface with the MCU directly or via SPI. DUAL FUEL ENGINES (CO) and non-methane hydrocarbon (NMHC) emissions is required.Cummins and Dual Fuel Cummins will produce dual fuel engines for well servicing applications. The engines using Cummins Dual Fuel technology substitute diesel fuel with natural gas in the combustion process, reducing the amount of diesel fuel required to operate frac equipment. The first e ngine in the Cummins Dual Fuel portfolio for well servicing will be the QSK50, followed by dual fuel for land-based drilling applications, with other QSK Series engines to follow, including engines capable of meeting worldwide emissions regulations.Dual-Fuel engines operate on both natural gas and diesel fuel simultaneously, majority of fuel burned being natural gas. Diesel fuel acts essentially as a ‘spark plug’ as it auto ignites under compression and then ignites the gas. The use of diesel fuel allows the retention of the diesel compression ratio and its efficiency while the natural gas contributes to economy and is responsible for lowering emissions. The Fumigation Principle Natural Gas can be introduced to the combustion chamber by either mixing it with the airflow or injecting it into the manifold/chamber.In the Fumigation process, the gas is blended with air and both enter the inlet together in correct proportion whereas in direct injection the gas is introduced into the engine just prior to burning. The latter is an expensive and complex process whereas the fumigation method is not. More importantly, gas is not the primary fuel in a dual fuel engine and therefore the fumigation process works perfectly well, even for very large engines. GAS to DIESEL Ratio The EXCLAIM kit has operated at a replacement ratio of 92%.However, the average substitution of diesel by gas ranges between 50% to 80%. Power The EXCLAIM kit will not derate an engine if used with standard Natural gas or LPG. The kit ensures that full power remains available by adjusting ratios and providing necessary BTU energy to the engine. In gases such as LPG where the BTU content is higher than normal, dual fuel operation provides superior energy efficiencies whereas when the gas being used has a low heat value (coal gas, biogas or other gases having BTU content of less than 800) there is a proportional de-rating of the engine.Temperatures Unlike dedicated natural gas engines, dual fuel engines do not run hotter. Indeed, in some cases engines may actually run a few degrees cooler. Changeover between fuels The EXCLAIM kit is designed to switch seamlessly between full diesel and dual fuel operation without any surge or loss of power, frequency or speed. Maintenance costs Because gas is a better, cleaner fuel, the engine oil life is extended. Oil and filter change intervals are normally extended to generate additional savings. DUAL-FUEL TECHNOLOGY BENEFITS Attractive operating economics; replaces expensive diesel with low cost gas. * Greatly reduced emissions * Retains torque and power characteristics of the original diesel engine * Emergency diesel fallback for safety * Excellent long term reliability record * Same heat rejection as diesel GPS GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a space-based satellite navigation system that provides location and time information in all weather conditions, anywhere on or near the Earth where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites.The system provides critical capabilities to military, civil and commercial users around the world. It is maintained by the United States government and is freely accessible to anyone with a GPS receiver. The GPS project was developed in 1973 to overcome the limitations of previous navigation systems,[1] integrating ideas from several predecessors, including a number of classified engineering design studies from the 1960s. GPS was created and realized by the U. S. Department of Defense (DoD) and was originally run with 24Â  satellites.It became fully operational in 1994. Bradford Parkinson, Roger L. Easton, and Ivan A. Getting are credited for inventing it. Advances in technology and new demands on the existing system have now led to efforts to modernize the GPS system and implement the next generation of GPS III satellites and Next Generation Operational Control System (OCX). [2] Announcements from Vice President Al G ore and the White House in 1998 initiated these changes. In 2000, the U. S. Congress authorized the modernization effort, GPS III.In addition to GPS, other systems are in use or under development. The Russian Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS) was developed contemporaneously with GPS, but suffered from incomplete coverage of the globe until the mid-2000s. There are also the planned European Union Galileo positioning system, Chinese Compass navigation system, and Indian Regional Navigational Satellite System. Basic concept of GPS A GPS receiver calculates its position by precisely timing the signals sent by GPS satellites high above the Earth.Each satellite continually transmits messages that include * the time the message was transmitted * satellite position at time of message transmission The receiver uses the messages it receives to determine the transit time of each message and computes the distance to each satellite using the speed of light. Each of these distances and satellites locations define a sphere. The receiver is on the surface of each of these spheres when the distances and the satellites locations are correct. These distances and satellites ocations are used to compute the location of the receiver using the navigation equations. This location is then displayed, perhaps with a moving map display or latitude and longitude; elevation or altitude information may be included, based on height above the geoid (e. g. EGM96). Many GPS units show derived information such as direction and speed, calculated from position changes. In typical GPS operation, four or more satellites must be visible to obtain an accurate result. Four sphere surfaces typically do not intersect. a] Because of this, it can be said with confidence that when the navigation equations are solved to find an intersection, this solution gives the position of the receiver along with the difference between the time kept by the receivers on-board clock and the true time-of-day, the reby eliminating the need for a very large, expensive, and power hungry clock. The very accurately computed time is used only for display or not at all in many GPS applications, which use only the location. A number of applications for GPS do make use of this cheap and highly accurate timing.These include time transfer, traffic signal timing, and synchronization of cell phone base stations. Although four satellites are required for normal operation, fewer apply in special cases. If one variable is already known, a receiver can determine its position using only three satellites. For example, a ship or aircraft may have known elevation. Some GPS receivers may use additional clues or assumptions such as reusing the last known altitude, dead reckoning, inertial navigation, or including information from the vehicle computer, to give a (possibly degraded) position when fewer than four satellites are visible. 45][46][47] Structure The current GPS consists of three major segments. These are the space segment (SS), a control segment (CS), and a user segment (US). [48] The U. S. Air Force develops, maintains, and operates the space and control segments. GPS satellites broadcast signals from space, and each GPS receiver uses these signals to calculate its three-dimensional location (latitude, longitude, and altitude) and the current time. [49] The space segment is composed of 24 to 32 satellites in medium Earth orbit and also includes the payload adapters to the boosters required to launch them into orbit.The control segment is composed of a master control station, an alternate master control station, and a host of dedicated and shared ground antennas and monitor stations. The user segment is composed of hundreds of thousands of U. S. and allied military users of the secure GPS Precise Positioning Service, and tens of millions of civil, commercial, and scientific users of the Standard Positioning Service (see GPS navigation devices). Applications While originally a milit ary project, GPS is considered a dual-use technology, meaning it has significant military and civilian applications.GPS has become a wide ly deployed and useful tool for commerce, scientific uses, tracking, and surveillance. GPSs accurate time facilitates everyday activities such as banking, mobile phone operations, and even the control of power grids by allowing well synchronized hand-off switching. [49] Control segment Ground monitor station used from 1984 to 2007, on display at the Air Force Space amp; Missile Museum. The control segment is composed of 1. a master control station (MCS), 2. an alternate master control station, 3. four dedicated ground antennas and 4. six dedicated monitor stationsDRIVERLESS OR SELF-DRIVING An autonomous car,[1] also known as a robotic car,[2] or informally as driverless or self-driving, is an autonomous vehicle capable of fulfilling the human transportation capabilities of a traditional car. As an autonomous vehicle, it is capable of sensing its e nvironment and navigating without human input. [3] Robotic cars exist mainly as prototypes and demonstration systems, but are likely to become more widespread in the near future. Autonomous vehicles sense their surroundings with such techniques as radar, lidar, GPS, and computer vision.Advanced control systems interpret sensory information to identify appropriate navigation paths, as well as obstacles and relevant signage. [4] Some autonomous vehicles update their maps based on sensory input, allowing the vehicles to keep track of their position even when conditions change or when they enter uncharted environments. The earliest quasi-autonomous demonstration systems date back to the 1930s. [5] Since the 1980s, when Mercedes-Benz and Bundeswehr University Munich built the worlds first modern driverless car,[6] significant advances have been made in both technology and legislation relevant to autonomous cars.Numerous major companies and research organizations have developed working pr ototype autonomous vehicles, including Mercedes-Benz, General Motors, Google, Continental Automotive Systems, Autoliv Inc. , Bosch, Nissan, Toyota, Audi, and Oxford University. [6][7][8][9][10][11][12] As of 2013, three U. S. states have passed laws permitting autonomous cars: Nevada, Florida and California.. Vehicular communication systems Individual vehicles may benefit from information obtained from other vehicles in the vicinity, especially information relating to traffic congestion and safety hazards.Vehicular communication systems use vehicles and roadside units as the communicating nodes in a peer-to-peer network, providing each other with information. As a cooperative approach, vehicular communication systems can allow all cooperating vehicles to be more effective. According to a 2010 study by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, vehicular communication systems could help avoid up to 81 percent of all traffic accidents. [82] In 2012, computer scientists at the University of Texas in Austin began developing smart intersections designed for autonomous cars.The intersections will have no traffic lights and no stop signs, instead using computer programs that will communicate directly with each car on the road. [83] Public opinion surveys In a 2011 online survey of 2,006 consumers in the US and the UK conducted by Accenture, 49% of those surveyed said they would be comfortable using a driverless car. [84] According to a 2012 survey of 17,400 vehicle owners conducted by J. D. Power and Associates, 37% of all survey responders initially said they would be interested in purchasing a fully autonomous car. 85] However, that figure dropped to 20% once they learned the technology would cost an additional $3,000. With an additional cost of $3,000, 25% of the male vehicle buyers were willing to pay for a fully autonomous vehicle, while only 14 percent of women wanted the feature. [85] AIRBAG SYSTEM An airbag is a part of the safety restraint system in cars. Airbags are bags that rapidly fill with air when an accident happens. That way they can prevent injuries that occur because the driver hit a hard object. An airbag is a useful vehicle safety device.Airbags are used in the world increasingly because in accidents, it can help passengers reduce shock. When the sensor feels a strong shock, the gas device explodes. This gas fills the bag immediately. An airbag, also known as a Supplementary/Secondary Restraint System (SRS) or as an Air Cushion Restraint System (ACRS), is a flexible membrane or envelope, inflatable to contain air or some other gas. Air bags are most commonly used for cushioning, in particular after very rapid inflation in the case of an automobile collision. History of airbagsAn American inventor, Dr. Allen S. Breed, invented and developed a key component for automotive use. Breed Corporation then marketed this innovation first in 1967 to Chrysler. A similar Auto-Ceptor crash-restraint, brandon, developed by Eaton, Yale ;amp; Towne Inc. for Ford was soon offered as an automatic safety system in the USA. The Italian Eaton-Livia company offered a variant with . The first patent on an inflatable crash-landing device for airplanes was filed during World War II. In the 1980s, the first commercial airbags appeared in automobiles.Since model year 1990, all new cars sold in the United States have been required to have airbags on both driver and passenger sides. To date, statistics show that airbags reduce the risk of dying in a direct frontal crash by about 30 percent. Today, some cars have six or even eight airbags. How airbags work First, moving objects have momentum (the product of the mass and the velocity of an object). If no outside force acts on an object, the object will continue to move at its present speed and direction (because of inertia). Cars consist of several objects, including the vehicle itself, loose objects in the car and, of course, passengers.If these objects are not restrained, they will continue moving at whatever speed the car is traveling at, even if the car is stopped by a collision. Stopping an objects momentum requires force acting over a period of time. When a car crashes, the force required to stop an object is very great because the cars momentum has changed instantly while the passengers has not (there is not much time to work with). The goal of any supplemental restraint system is to help stop the passenger while doing as little damage to him or her as possible.What an airbag wants to do is to slow the passengers speed to zero with little or no damage. The constraints that it has to work within are huge. The airbag has the space between the passenger and the steering wheel or dashboard and a fraction of a second to work with. Even that tiny amount of space and time is valuable, however, if the system can slow the passenger evenly rather than forcing an abrupt halt to his or her motion. Motorcycle airbag In 2006 the airbag was set up for a motor cycle. This was in the Gold Wing by Honda. 1] Air bags supplement the safety belt by reducing the chance that the occupants head and upper body will strike some part of the vehicles interior. They also help reduce the risk of serious injury by distributing crash forces more evenly across the occupants body. One recent study concluded that as many as 6,000 lives have been saved as a result of airbags. However, the exact number of lives saved is almost impossible to calculate. SPECIAL VEHICLES (EARTH MOVERS/ EXCAVATORS) Excavators are heavy construction equipment consisting of a boom, stick, bucket and cab on a rotating platform (known as the house).The house sits atop an undercarriage with tracks or wheels. A cable-operated excavator uses winches and steel ropes to accomplish the movements. They are a natural progression from the steam shovels and often called power shovels. All movement and functions of a hydraulic excavator are accomplished through the use of hydraulic fluid, with hydraulic cylinders and hydraulic motors. Due to the linear actuation of hydraulic cylinders, their mode of operation is fundamentally different from cable-operated excavators.Excavators are heavy construction equipment consisting of a boom, stick, bucket and cab on a rotating platform (known as the house). The house sits atop an undercarriage with tracks or wheels. A cable-operated excavator uses winches and steel ropes to accomplish the movements. They are a natural progression from the steam shovels and often called power shovels. All movement and functions of a hydraulic excavator are accomplished through the use of hydraulic fluid, with hydraulic cylinders and hydraulic motors.Due to the linear actuation of hydraulic cylinders, their mode of operation is fundamentally different from cable-operated excavators. Configurations Excavators come in a wide variety of sizes. The smaller ones are called mini or compact excavators. Caterpillars smallest mini-excavator weighs 2,060 pound s (930Â  kg) and has 13 hp; their largest model is the largest excavator available (a record previously held by the Orenstein ;amp; Koppel RH400) the CAT 6090, it weighs in excess of 2,160,510 pounds (979,990Â  kg), has 4500Â  hp and has a bucket size of around 52. m? depending on bucket fitted. Engines in excavators drive hydraulic pumps; there are usually 3 pumps: the two main pumps are for supplying oil at high pressure (up to 5000 psi) for the rams, swing motor, track motors, and accessories, and the third is a lower pressure (700 psi) pump for Pilot Control, this circuit used for the control of the spool valves, this allows for a reduced effort required when operating the controls. The two main sections of an excavator are the undercarriage and the house.The undercarriage includes the blade (if fitted), tracks, track frame, and final drives, which have a hydraulic motor and gearing providing the drive to the individual tracks, and the house includes the operator cab, counter weight, engine, fuel and hydraulic oil tanks. The house attaches to the undercarriage by way of a center pin, allowing the machine to slew 360Â ° unhindered. The main boom attaches to the house, and can be one of several different configurations: * Most are mono booms: these have no movement apart from straight up and down. Some others have a knuckle boom which can also move left and right in line with the machine. * Another option is a hinge at the base of the boom allowing it to hydraulically pivot up to 180Â ° independent to the house; however, this is generally available only to compact excavators. * There are also triple-articulated booms (TAB). Attached to the end of the boom is the stick (or dipper arm). The stick provides the digging force needed to pull the bucket through the ground. The stick length is optional depending whether reach (longer stick) or break-out power (shorter stick) is required.On the end of the stick is usually a bucket. A wide, large capacity (mud) bu cket with a straight cutting edge is used for cleanup and levelling or where the material to be dug is soft, and teeth are not required. A general purpose (GP) bucket is generally smaller, stronger, and has hardened side cutters and teeth used to break through hard ground and rocks. Buckets have numerous shapes and sizes for various applications. There are also many other attachments which are available to be attached to the excavator for boring, ripping, crushing, cutting, lifting, etc.Before the 1990s, all excavators had a long or conventional counterweight that hung off the rear of the machine to provide more digging force and lifting capacity. This became a nuisance when working in confined areas. In 1993 Yanmar launched the worlds first Zero Tail Swing excavator,[2] which allows the counterweight to stay inside the width of the tracks as it slews, thus being safer and more user friendly when used in a confined space. This type of machine is now widely used throughout the world. There are two main types of Control configuration generally use in excavators to control the boom and bucket, both of which spread the four main digging controls between two x-y joysticks. This allows a skilled operator to control all four functions simultaneously. The most popular configuration in the US is the SAE controls configuration while in other parts of the world, the ISO control configuration is more common. Some manufacturers such as Takeuchi have switches that allow the operator to select which control configuration to use. Excavator attachmentsHydraulic excavator capabilities have expanded far beyond excavation tasks with buckets. With the advent of hydraulic-powered attachments such as a breaker, a grapple or an auger, the excavator is frequently used in many applications other than excavation. Many excavators feature a quick coupler for simplified attachment mounting, increasing the machines utilization on the jobsite. Excavators are usually employed together with loa ders and bulldozers. Most wheeled, compact and some medium-sized (11 to 18-tonne) excavators have a backfill (or dozer) blade.This is a horizontal bulldozer-like blade attached to the undercarriage and is used for levelling and pushing removed material back into a hole COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEMS A considerable amount of research is addressing eSafety systems of the future. Much work is being carried out on technologies such as collision avoidance systems but their usefulness in addressing high-risk crash scenarios typical of most European roads as well as their feasibility has yet to be determined.Research on collision warning and collision avoidance systems is taking place in Japan, the United States and in the European Union within the European Commissions eSafety programme. Very large estimates of the safety potential of such systems have been claimed following laboratory studies, but the range of technical and behavioural issues involved in many of the concepts require full on- road assessment. To be practical, most of the proposed systems require a well controlled traffic situation, such as that found on motorways, but where the casualty reduction potential is relatively low.For an overview of key issues [41]OECD, 2003 Road safety: impact of new technologies. Various systems are under development: Forward Collision Warning Is a system which comprises a visual and audible warning that the driver is too close to the vehicle in front. The warning depends on how long the distance is between the vehicle and the vehicle ahead. The level of warning changes from safe to critical as the following distance decreases. The Reverse Collision Warning System Is a visual and audible system which warns drivers about the likelihood of collision with an object behind the vehicle by means of sensors in the rear bumper.The warning intensifies when the distance between the vehicles rear and the object decreases. Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) Enhances automatic cruise control f ound in many new vehicles by automatically maintaining a set following distance to the vehicle in front. The distance to the preceding vehicle is measured by radar, laser systems or both. When the speed of the vehicle in front is slower than the adjusted speed, the ACC system adjusts vehicle speed to allow a safe distance to the lead vehicle. Collision Mitigation by brakingIs an evolution of ACC with the addition of a braking system that increases headway by braking; these systems may also detect obstacles within the road and brake accordingly. The speed and separation distance at which the systems operate is determined by the arrangement and type of sensors and the recognition ability of the systems. Lane-Keeping Devices Are electronic warning systems that are activated if the vehicle is about to veer off the lane or the road. Times to collision in safety-critical lane changes are normally much less than one second.Since mean driver reaction time is about one second, there is not s ufficient time for a driver to respond to a warning before crashing. Because there is insufficient time for reaction to a warning, lane change and merging crashes can probably only be avoided by intervening systems. But these have their own problems: how to detect driver intentions and how to intervene. This may be by taking over the steering from the driver or by providing feedback through the steering wheel. The technical and operational feasibility of such systems has still to be demonstrated. Most existing systems are warning only systems.