Aspects of Psychology in Flannery Free Essays

Brain research has been a piece of writing since the start of its reality. Its references in the Bible which avow that humanity is isolated from the set of all animals and furthermore show us the typical example to lead a compelling and remunerating Christian life are portions of brain research in the establishment of life’s meaning. We consider these to be as truth as we have them imparted inside us at an early age when going to chapel and perusing the book of scriptures. We will compose a custom paper test on Parts of Psychology in Flannery or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now Brain research works a similar path in each sort of material one peruses. One is dependent upon brain science and the part it plays in every one of the short stories, books or sonnets one peruses. Anyway one may have not be completely mindful of how it influences our view of the material. It is the thing that keeps us keen on the story. The mental intrigue that accompanies certain styles of composing and pinnacles the enthusiasm of the peruser who is holding on to see the end. As Thomas Kellogg states, â€Å"for the demonstration of composing represents to me the very substance of being human. Brain science is spoken to in each composition by the connections that are made teenagers the writers and its perusers. In Flannels O’Connor â€Å"Good Country People† her intellectual methodology is effectively comprehended, â€Å"cognitive brain science varies from different models in that it centers around the human psychological action of organizing and deciphering oneâ€⠄¢s world. † In this story we relate on the grounds that we see Helga who has faith in nothing and has seen what she accepts to be underhanded since losing her leg. Her psyche is so charmed in pessimism that she can't move beyond the past. At the point when she at long last does she is left in the outbuilding contemplating internally that she was correct from the beginning. We likewise consider the To be as her mom despite everything puts stock in the book of scriptures and its significance. She sees nearly everybody as â€Å"good nation people† or â€Å"the salt of the earth. † O’Connor utilizes a composed mental methodology in the names of the characters. Mrs.. Freeman who works at the ranch is a tattle who unreservedly rehashes the tales she is told. Mrs.. Confident is hypothetically a cheerful and constructive individual who is continually tolerating of individuals, the story recommends it is on the grounds that she is a Catholic. The expressions of â€Å"Everybody is different† and â€Å"It takes various types to make the world† suggests that she acknowledges and enjoys numerous types f individuals. At the point when she says â€Å"people who looked on the splendid side of things would be wonderful regardless of whether they were not† gives her sure side of reasoning. Manley Pointer is only that, a man in a story with every single female character. His Manley ways tempt the youthful Helga who loses herself as a result of a requirement for the fondness she is inadequate. â€Å"Brewer’s ‘structural influence hypothesis was the primary model in talk brain research that genuinely endeavored to incorporate plot, organization, and emotions† into writing. This story has done Just that by having littler parts that lead to the emotional end where Manley takes her fake leg and leave’s her abandoned or even the speedy reference where Helga figures he may have stood her up. That is the thing that keeps every peruser keen on the plot and makes one need to know the result. â€Å"The brain science of writing is along these lines exceptional in its treatment of mental issues since words are utilized to communicate and convey data. † â€Å"Furthermore, scholars resemble analysts in being keen on the brain, feelings and conduct. † In mindfully picking each expression of the story they pass on a message. In this story Mrs.. Confident depicts her affections for the new name of Helga for her little girl Joy. She thought â€Å"broad clear structure of a battleship,† it irritated her so much that she would not call her anything besides Joy. â€Å"In the investigation of human instinct, writing, a result of our advanced human cerebrums, is an abundant wellspring of information on human wants and auras, causing to notice what is extremely significant in our lives. † This is appeared in the manner Helga both yearns for a buddy but on the other hand is somewhat exhausted simultaneously. Or on the other hand how the mother is depicted as a Christian, however can't be pleased with her girl and the degree she got from school. When perusing this story one can identify with he forlornness, bliss, absence of certainty veiled by outrage and articulate disillusionment felt by its characters. It is a really extraordinary story that shows the dynamic between the mother and her girls, Helga and her mom, Helga and Manley just as the mother and Mrs.. Freeman. Postulations internal multifaceted stories can undoubtedly identify with regular individuals and the hardships of society. The most effective method to refer to Aspects of Psychology in Flannery, Papers

Redemption exercise (finance management) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Reclamation work out (money the board) - Essay Example (c)Oak plc utilizes a ‘moderate coordinating policy’ for the financing of its non-current resources and working capital. Utilizing the outline beneath, which shows a moderate coordinating arrangement clarify the significance of the term ‘moderate ‘in connection to financing of benefits and recognize a moderate coordinating approach from (I) a forceful strategy and (ii) a traditionalist approach. (10 imprints). Moderate coordinating strategy calls for coordinating resources and liabilities development. That is the entirety of the fixed resources in addition to the lasting current resources are financed with long haul capital, yet brief current resources are account with transient obligation (Brigham and Ehrhardt, 2013). It is approach that empowers firms to back a portion of its perpetual resources with momentary obligation. That is, the entirety of the present resources †fluctuating and lasting current resources and part of non-current resources are financed with transient credit. a) Factoring is a methods for using accounts receivables to create income by offering them to a factor and along these lines viably changing over credit deals to money deals. The purchaser of the products is informed to make installments to the factor. Receipt limiting is the arrangement of money against the security of a specific level of receivables. The title to the receipt and the rights to the returns stay with the vender. The lender will buy a company’s receipt at a markdown yet the administration of receivables and assortment will stay with the organization (Brigham and Ehrhardt, 2013). (c)Describe the impact overtrading would have on the principle bookkeeping proportions. (You may wish to think about the accompanying proportions: basic analysis proportion, stock days, exchange receivable days, exchange payable days and current proportion) (10 imprints) The development in deals volume builds the stock and receivables. This will influence the working capital administration proficiency prompting an expansion in the exchange receivable and

Dictionaries to the Rescue On the Importance of Words in a Post-Truth Era

Dictionaries to the Rescue On the Importance of Words in a Post-Truth Era In his 1946 essay, Politics and the English Language, George Orwell discusses the consequences and causes of sloppy language. Its  a vicious cycle: “[Language] becomes ugly and inaccurate because our thoughts are foolish, but the slovenliness of our language makes it easier for us to have foolish thoughts.” In this “post-truth” age of “alternative facts”, when we can’t seem to agree on the most basic principles, Orwell’s essay is more relevant than ever. We are hungry for accurate language, desperate to find some way to at least agree on what words mean, even if we can’t agree on anything else. Dictionaries, the stuffy authorities of the grade school classroom, are stepping up into the gap. As Katherine Rosman wrote in a recent New York Times article, dictionaries are making a comeback. People are returning to them as a touch-stone of authoritative knowledge. A dictionary is no longer simply a book that is too big to fit into your purse; it’s an active presence in political discourse, entering the conversation in real-time on social media. Merriam-Webster (@MerriamWebster) and Dictionary.com (@Dictionarycom) are not only defining words, but also providing biting political commentary. Rosman reports that, according to the head of Dictionary.com’s marketing department, “the intent is not to be political or partisan”, but rather to “demonstrate the relevance and usefulness of an expanded vocabulary”. This may be true, but here’s the thing. Language, and our use of it, is inherently political. In an atmosphere of confusing rhetoric and blatant falsehoods, the very act of defining a word is political. Rooting out bad habits in language is essential in the fight against oppression. As Orwell says, “If one gets rid of these habits one can think more clearly, and to think clearly is a necessary first step toward political regeneration: so that the fight against bad English is not frivolous and is not the exclusive concern of professional writers.” If you needed any proof of the power of books, here it is. Words, and how we use them, matter. Dictionary.com and Merriam-Webster are not just entertaining and informing us. They are taking an essential step towards freeing us: giving us the tools, the words, to free ourselves. This is important work, and in a world where the president of the United States is a Twitter troll, it’s risky work that takes bravery and stamina. These dictionaries are part of a community of people and organizations with the audacity to use words with precision in the face of mendacious power. Where words come from and what they mean matters. The history of a word is the history of a concept, and thats the foundation of our ability to talk about anything. Certain forces would like to redefine key concepts like racism and religious freedom. Dictionaries are on the front lines of that battle. They may not have set out to be political, but like many other respected institutions (e.g. libraries and schools), at the moment the very act of continuing to fulfill their function is political. I started out being amused by Merriam-Webster’s tweets, but as time goes on I’m increasingly in awe. As a writer and reader, I believe in the power of words to help carry us through this turbulent moment in history. It’s incredibly comforting to know that those benevolent linguistic deities of my childhood, the reliable old dictionaries, are on side.

Sociological Imagination - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1205 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/05/15 Category Sociology Essay Level High school Tags: Sociological Imagination Essay Did you like this example? Sociological Imagination Wright Mills described sociological imagination as the changes in our social lives that affect us leading to private and public troubles. Due to revolution and technological advancements, social relations of individuals are transformed and a  newset of challenges creep in. man, therefore, feels confined and powerless in such situations because at work they have to perform their stipulated duties, while at home they have to be family persons. Work-life balance has been a controversial issue in the 21stcentury with employers offering flexible work schedules to create employee family time. It has been found to positively impact productivity and employee morale. Sociological imagination requires us to adopt a way of thinking and questioning in given situations.Sociological imagination demands that we look at the world sociologically and ask about the structure of the society, the place of society in history, and the kind of people a society produces. An  individualspersonal  lifeis shaped not only by their personal life experiences but also the society they live in and the historical periods to which they belong. Person troubles and public issues relate to sociology and affect an individual social thinking. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Sociological Imagination" essay for you Create order Unemployment rates are public issues because it affects many people in a society. Hence, dependency rates, crime, corruption, and prostitution as social issues arise in a society due to high unemployment rates. However, divorce is a private problem that affects a family setting, but a high divorce rate in a given society is a public issue.People who uphold societal values and morals are supported while those who deviate from them are criticized. The history of a society determines the nature of lives of the individuals in it. For example, religion as a social issue could influence behavior and morals of a society based on whether it is strongly upheld or less observed. Compassion and love in such societies  reducesocial problems like poverty, unemployment, corruption, and drought. Sociological imagination connects biography and history since certain crises and anxieties are experienced in our societies (Mills, 1959). Underdeveloped and developing economies ancient historical livelihoods are abandoned and expectations become urgent issues. For example, poverty levels are high even though such countries have many unexploited natural resources.Ones personal  lifeis connected to the historical world, hence man should strive to understand the  socialhistory they live in. it will be easier to relate  tootherswithin and outside the society because of the values instilled  insocial interactions. The society shapes our quality of thinking to enable effective handling of complex situations at home, schools,  andworkplaces. For example, it is unethical to hire or fire an employee on the basis of race, social status or gender. Modern day society has been enlightened and empowered to conquer social problems regardless of sex. Revolution and capitalism are presently affecting individuals and societal ways of livelihood. Individualism is on the rise and communalism has been shunned due to digitization and westernization.Globalization has affected sociological thinking such that peoples thinking capacities have shown them the essence of international trade and intermarriages. Even though some of the social problems like discrimination are imminent, great milestones have been attained in international relations (De Maio, 2013). Developed economies have collaborated with developing economies to improve the quality of livelihoods through economic investments and political stability strategies. Some nations, however, feel that western countries are interfering too much with their affairs, and this has led to political strife, recession, and terrorism. People require sociological imagination to realize that what they deem as personal troubles are rooted in public issues. Treasured values in people are under threat because they feel that entrapment in their troubles makes them indifferent. Capitalism and democracy have been emerging issues in our societies in an effort to make lives socially better (Mills, 1959). Capitalism has made economies more industrialized to foster economic growth  throughemployment and exportation of finished goods. Democracy requires that basic human rights be observed as provided in a given constitution. However, there are some instances whereby Supreme Courts orders are violated, like in the case of unwarranted searches and racial profiling to identify criminals in a given society. Sociological imagination has led to the conclusion that minority groups in given communities are being discriminated against due to their race, color, or social status.Housing arrangements and employment opportunities in some societies are such that certain groups of individuals are given priority over others. Embracing diversity in a society promotes the  harmoniousexistence of all groups of people and realization of talent (Hackstaff, 2010). Information flow has been effective due digitization and technology, and the society is better placed to make informed decisions. Structural changes increase with interconnection and embracing of unity by our institutions. Sociological imagination requires stakeholders to cohabit in unison for the greater benefit of the society in the dynamic world. The values of  well-being, indifference,  anduneasiness determine whether a person is aware of and cherishes the values. Historically, some values since World War II have been inherited in  present-daysocieties.The economiccrisis is a good example of a situation whereby sociological imagination is needed. It is both a public issue and private trouble because it affects a nations stability and quality of its citizens livelihood respectively. The cost of living for households goes high and unemployment rates increase. Financial institutions are also affected due to fluctuating interest rates hence low investment opportunities. Sociology contributes to a better understanding of a global economic crisis. It sparks discussions on how to deal with the public issue through political interventions, nationalization of financial institutions, bailouts,  andappropriate monetary policies. Individuals imaginations and opinions on the best policy differ from a society to another due to historical backgrounds.In context, the Great Recession between 2007 and 2009 was occasioned by a sharp rise in oil prices and reduced home prices. Financial institutions encountered bank runs and different stakeholders were adversely affected by the crisis. Sociological imagination is applicable in this case because some individuals thought that it was only a US problem yet it was a global crisis. The crisis could be solved through various policies but the best action the Federal government adopted was quantitative easing (Krishnamurthy, Foster, 2017). Despite the Great Recession, the United States regained economic stability and is still a  superpower. Socially, an individuals private problem should not hinder them from achieving their goals and aspirations.  In conclusion, sociological imagination as put forward by Wright Mills enables individuals in a society to think critically  aboutinstances of social issues and private troubles. Any personal situation is somehow linked to the society they live in hence the need to take on an unfamiliar perspective to deal with the crisis. Failure by a society to achieve success is attributed to social structure such as pollution, corruption, and labor force exploitation. Personal responsibility is expected of an individual in a society such that they adopt sociological imagination to solve day to day challenges.   References De Maio, F. (2013). Regression Analysis and the Sociological Imagination.  Teaching Statistics, 36(2), 52-57.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/test.12019Hackstaff, K. (2010). Family Genealogy: A Sociological Imagination Reveals Intersectional Relations.  Sociology Compass, 4(8), 658-672.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9020.2010.00307.xKrishnamurthy, A., Foster, T. (2017). Quantitative Easing in the Great Recession.  Kellogg School Of Management Cases, 1(1), 1-23.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/case.kellong.2016.000271Mills, C. (1959).  The sociological imagination.New York: Oxford University Press.

The Reluctant Fundamentalist Monologuw Essay - 867 Words

ESL TEXT RESPONSE ESSAY – The Reluctant Fundamentalist The novel is presented in the form of one man’s monologue. Discuss the effects of this narrative structure. 808 words ‘The Reluctant Fundamentalist’ by Mohsin Hamid uses the narrative technique monologue, which is a long uninterrupted speech of a character directly addressing another character or the audience. The use of monologue facilitates Hamid’s viewpoints to go across the reader effortlessly. The effect of the usage of monologue is that Hamid engages the reader directly drawing them into the narrative by the creation of a nameless American character who mirrors the audience. Another outcome of using monologue is that it silences American’s point of view and therefore Hamid†¦show more content†¦Monologue explicitly silences American point of view. â€Å"As a society, you were unwilling to reflect up on the shared pain that united you with those who attacked you.† Changez tells his listener that he believes that America has no capacity to see itself as a part of the wider world. By giving a voice to Changez, who embody a Pakistani or non- American point of view, the novel turns the situation and answer back to America. By the usage of monologue ESL TEXT RESPONSE ESSAY – The Reluctant Fundamentalist The novel is presented in the form of one man’s monologue. Discuss the effects of this narrative structure. 808 words Hamid is giving his message that it the time for the non-American to speak and share their feelings related to 9/11 attack to the world. Criticising the American campaign in Afghanistan, Changez illustrates â€Å"the partisan and sports events like coverage given to the mismatch between the American bombers with their twenty- first century weaponry and ill- equipped and ill-fed Afghan tribes men.† The American voice that has been loudest, most pervasive voice in the international media since September 11 is silenced in the novel. Through the novel and by the usage of monologue Hamid point out that it is not only Americans who has their interpretation of 9/11 attack, the rest of the world has also their own perceptions on the event. The employment of monologue also creates an unreliable narrator. â€Å"There is no reason why this incident

Software Engineering Assignments Free Essays

1.For each of the following documents, indicate in which phse(s) of the software life cycle it is produced: final user manual, architectural design, SQA plan, module specification, source code, statement of work, test plan, preliminary user annual, detailed design, cost estimate, project plan, test report, documentation. 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Software Engineering Assignments or any similar topic only for you Order Now Order the following tasks in terms of the waterfall model: acceptance testing, project planning, unit testing, requirements review, cost estimating, high level design, market analysis, low-level design, systems testing, design review, implementation, requirement specification. 3.How does a phased life cycle model assist software management? SOFTWARE METRICS 1.What is McCabe’s cyclomatic number? Determine the same for: 2.In Halstead’s metrices, what is the significance of : (i)operators and operands (ii)potential operands, (iii)Length (iv)Estimated length (v)Volume (vi)Potential volume (vii)Implementation Level 3.How is effort and time calculated in Halstead method? 4.Why is the number of decisions + 1 an important method for calculating McCabe’s cyclomatic no.? (Ans: It would be very time consuming to have to construct the control flow graph for large programs). 5.Why is monotonicity an important characteristic of a size or effort metric such as Halstead’s effort metric? (Ans: If adding more code can cause the value of the effort metric to decrease, then the metric’s behavior is not understandable. It may also mean that the metric is manipulated). 6.Why is complexity not readily measurable? (Ans: Complexity is not well defined and each one has different interpretation. It is interaction between person and code that makes it difficult to define). 7.Calculate McCabe’s complexity on the following source code. Draw a control flow graph. Read x,y,z; Type = ‘scalene’; If(x= =y or x= =z or y = =x) type = ‘isosceles’; If(x= =y or x= =z) type ‘equilateral’; If(x =y+z or y =x+z or z= x+y)) type ‘not a triangle’; If(x =0 or y =0 or| z How to cite Software Engineering Assignments, Papers

Dissertation Proposal for 5-Star Hotel in Amsterdam- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theDissertation Proposal for 5-Star Hotel in Amsterdam. Answer: Title: The motivating factors that enhances staff participation in the Amsterdam 5-Star Hotel Industry- a case study of two 5-star hotels- The Dylan Amsterdam and Hotel Okura Amsterdam Overall Aim of Project: The main aim of this particular research study is to evaluate and recognize the key indicators that act as the motivating factor for enhancing the participation of staff in the 5-star hotel industry of Amsterdam, taking in the case studies of big hotels like The Dylan Amsterdam and Hotel Okura Amsterdam. Objectives: The research study would be based on the following three main objectives: To investigate and significantly observe the current academic literature related to the motivating factors of employees in hospitality industry. Several theories like Herzbergs Two-Factor theory of motivation and Maslows Hierarchy needs would be taken in along with major discussions on recognizing the factors that generally motivates employees in performing to the highest standard. (Secondary Research) To investigate and analyze the factors or criteria of motivation that brings the best out of the 50 employees working in the two prestigious luxury hotels of Amsterdam- The Dylan Amsterdam and Hotel Okura Amsterdam. (Primary Research) To recognize and scrutinize the principal dialogue related to the motivation of the 40 employees and enhancing their participation at workplace in two luxurious hotels in Amsterdam-The Dylan Amsterdam and Hotel Okura Amsterdam. (Primary Research) To illustrate conclusion along with any sort of recommendation if required on the ways employee motivation can be bettered by HR of two luxurious hotels in the hospitality industry of Amsterdam. (Secondary and Primary Research) Research Question: This particular research study would also consider certain research questions on which the total research work would be based. What are the various ways and strategies through which the HR motivates employees and enhance their participation in the 5-star hotel industry of Amsterdam? What are the issues faced by the HR at certain points in motivating their employees during high pressurized situations in the 5-star hotel industry of Amsterdam? How do they overcome such pressurized situations and still motivate their employees in giving their best shot in the 5-star hotel industry of Amsterdam? Research: This research study would take into account the methods of both secondary and primary research for the successful completion of the study. Both these methods would help the researcher in reaching to his goal of conducting this study on this particular subject. Secondary Research: The literature review part of the research study would be exploring several theories, opinions and relevant information that exist over the broad database, journals, books and magazines. The researcher would be making proper use of all the materials and analyze the same, giving him a rough idea on the findings of the previous researches on the same subject matter (Zopiatis, Constanti and Theocharous 2014). Researches of other authors would let the researcher understand the exact angles that have been covered on the topic and what have been left out. Primary Research: In producing the second segment of the research project; Qualitative data would be collected from the two luxurious hotels existing in Amsterdam. Both these hotels have been considered as samples as they have been the mainstay in the 5-star hotel industry of Amsterdam over many years (Tar et al. 2017). People like staying in these two hotels for their best customer service which is the result of the employees putting in their best foot forward in determining the customers get the best possible service. For the objectives B and C as stated above, for gaining of an impending into the probable intrinsic and extrinsic factors having an influence on the motivational factors of employees that develops their performance, a minimum of 20 one to one interviews would be assumed. These one to one interviews with the individuals would be the one who works with the two luxurious hotels under discussion or are atleast closely related with the organizations of case study. Out of those 20, 5 would be the HR managers sharing the hotels strategy in dealing with employee motivation. The interviews would be recorded for future purpose and it would be following a semi-structured format, with every interview following the universal guide (Milln et al. 2013). For analyzing of all the interviews, thematic analysis would be undertaken with the main patterns being recognized and properly stated and analyzed (Karatepe 2013). The research would be following a non-probability sampling technique, preferably snowball method For addressing any sort of biasness along with misrepresentation, innate within the process of interview based methods of collecting data and in gaining an imminent into probable extrinsic, environmental factors influencing the motivational factors, the interviewed candidates would be asked to maintain a notebook. They would be told to record any factor or situation happening within the day that might either motivate or de-motivate them in giving their best at that point of time. Their emotional feelings at that particular point of time should be noted along with what according to them might work in better way. These diaries would be collected and the information extracted from these would be presented through narrative analysis with the recognizing the main themes, comparing them and evaluation of the same (Srensen and Jensen 2015). A questionnaire would also be distributed to all the 40 employees in determining the motivational factors that best satisfies the employees and brings out the best performance from them. All these questionnaires would be mailed to the selected employees and managers. Ethical Consideration: Ethical consideration is another important factor that must be considered by the researcher while going along with the process of research. Proper permission is required for the researcher in carrying out his research work in the two above stated luxurious hotels in Amsterdam. A formal application is to be provided citing in the research details and what is at stake. An agreement should be made on the matter of secrecy on this subject and that a formal discussion on the things required for the research study. It is upto the researcher to maintain complete secrecy as per the agreement on the responses of the employees and the managers on the subject matter. Moreover, the researcher should also focus on not leaking out any company information at any point of time. Reference: Benavides-Velasco, C.A., Quintana-Garca, C. and Marchante-Lara, M., 2014. Total quality management, corporate social responsibility and performance in the hotel industry.International Journal of Hospitality Management,41, pp.77-87. Karatepe, O.M., 2013. High-performance work practices and hotel employee performance: The mediation of work engagement.International Journal of Hospitality Management,32, pp.132-140. Milln, J.M., Hessels, J., Thurik, R. and Aguado, R., 2013. Determinants of job satisfaction: a European comparison of self-employed and paid employees.Small business economics,40(3), pp.651-670. Robinson, R.N., Kralj, A., Solnet, D.J., Goh, E. and Callan, V., 2014. Thinking job embeddedness not turnover: Towards a better understanding of frontline hotel worker retention.International Journal of Hospitality Management,36, pp.101-109. Srensen, F. and Jensen, J.F., 2015. Value creation and knowledge development in tourism experience encounters.Tourism Management,46, pp.336-346. Tar, J.J., Pereira-Moliner, J., Pertusa-Ortega, E.M., Lpez-Gamero, M.D. and Molina-Azorn, J.F., 2017. Does quality management improve performance or vice versa? Evidence from the hotel industry.Service Business,11(1), pp.23-43. Zopiatis, A., Constanti, P. and Theocharous, A.L., 2014. Job involvement, commitment, satisfaction and turnover: Evidence from hotel employees in Cyprus.Tourism Management,41, pp.129-140.

Engineering Topics From Electric Power Steering to the Airbag System Essay Example

Engineering Topics: From Electric Power Steering to the Airbag System Essay Electric power steering (EPS or EPAS) uses an electric motor to assist the driver of a vehicle. Sensors detect the position and torque of the steering column, and a computer module applies assistive torque via the motor, which connects to either the steering gear or steering column. This allows varying amounts of assistance to be applied depending on driving conditions. Engineers can therefore tailor steering-gear response to variable-rate and variable-damping suspension systems, optimizing ride, handling, and steering for each vehicle. 15] On Fiat group cars the amount of assistance can be regulated using a button named CITY that switches between two different assist curves, while most other EPS systems have variable assist. These give more assistance as the vehicle slows down, and less at faster speeds. In the event of component failure that fails to provide assistance, a mechanical linkage such as a rack and pinion serves as a back-up in a manner similar to that of hydraulic syste ms.Electric systems have an advantage in fuel efficiency because there is no belt-driven hydraulic pump constantly running, whether assistance is required or not, and this is a major reason for their introduction. Another major advantage is the elimination of a belt-driven engine accessory, and several high-pressure hydraulic hoses between the hydraulic pump, mounted on the engine, and the steering gear, mounted on the chassis. This greatly simplifies manufacturing and maintenance. By incorporating electronic stability control electric power steering systems can instantly vary torque assist levels to aid the driver in corrective maneuvers. 16] Electric Power Steering (EPS) is favored over hydraulic power steering in most new vehicles. Eliminating the power steering pump can reduce weight and improve fuel economy. EPS also offers greater handling and steering feel while improving vehicle safety by adapting the steering torque to the vehicles speed and providing active torque in criti cal driving situations. The central electronic elements of todays electric power steering systems are modern 16- and 32-bit MCUs designed for safety-critical applications.Freescales 16-bit and Qorivva 32-bit single and dual-core MCU provide enhanced computing power and specialized peripherals for complex electric motor control functions. Integrated power supply solutions are also important elements of a power steering control unit. They provide connectivity to automotive busses, such as CAN and LIN. For MOSFET power stages control, integrated pre-drivers are typically used to interface with the MCU directly or via SPI. DUAL FUEL ENGINES (CO) and non-methane hydrocarbon (NMHC) emissions is required.Cummins and Dual Fuel Cummins will produce dual fuel engines for well servicing applications. The engines using Cummins Dual Fuel technology substitute diesel fuel with natural gas in the combustion process, reducing the amount of diesel fuel required to operate frac equipment. The first e ngine in the Cummins Dual Fuel portfolio for well servicing will be the QSK50, followed by dual fuel for land-based drilling applications, with other QSK Series engines to follow, including engines capable of meeting worldwide emissions regulations.Dual-Fuel engines operate on both natural gas and diesel fuel simultaneously, majority of fuel burned being natural gas. Diesel fuel acts essentially as a ‘spark plug’ as it auto ignites under compression and then ignites the gas. The use of diesel fuel allows the retention of the diesel compression ratio and its efficiency while the natural gas contributes to economy and is responsible for lowering emissions. The Fumigation Principle Natural Gas can be introduced to the combustion chamber by either mixing it with the airflow or injecting it into the manifold/chamber.In the Fumigation process, the gas is blended with air and both enter the inlet together in correct proportion whereas in direct injection the gas is introduced into the engine just prior to burning. The latter is an expensive and complex process whereas the fumigation method is not. More importantly, gas is not the primary fuel in a dual fuel engine and therefore the fumigation process works perfectly well, even for very large engines. GAS to DIESEL Ratio The EXCLAIM kit has operated at a replacement ratio of 92%.However, the average substitution of diesel by gas ranges between 50% to 80%. Power The EXCLAIM kit will not derate an engine if used with standard Natural gas or LPG. The kit ensures that full power remains available by adjusting ratios and providing necessary BTU energy to the engine. In gases such as LPG where the BTU content is higher than normal, dual fuel operation provides superior energy efficiencies whereas when the gas being used has a low heat value (coal gas, biogas or other gases having BTU content of less than 800) there is a proportional de-rating of the engine.Temperatures Unlike dedicated natural gas engines, dual fuel engines do not run hotter. Indeed, in some cases engines may actually run a few degrees cooler. Changeover between fuels The EXCLAIM kit is designed to switch seamlessly between full diesel and dual fuel operation without any surge or loss of power, frequency or speed. Maintenance costs Because gas is a better, cleaner fuel, the engine oil life is extended. Oil and filter change intervals are normally extended to generate additional savings. DUAL-FUEL TECHNOLOGY BENEFITS Attractive operating economics; replaces expensive diesel with low cost gas. * Greatly reduced emissions * Retains torque and power characteristics of the original diesel engine * Emergency diesel fallback for safety * Excellent long term reliability record * Same heat rejection as diesel GPS GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a space-based satellite navigation system that provides location and time information in all weather conditions, anywhere on or near the Earth where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites.The system provides critical capabilities to military, civil and commercial users around the world. It is maintained by the United States government and is freely accessible to anyone with a GPS receiver. The GPS project was developed in 1973 to overcome the limitations of previous navigation systems,[1] integrating ideas from several predecessors, including a number of classified engineering design studies from the 1960s. GPS was created and realized by the U. S. Department of Defense (DoD) and was originally run with 24Â  satellites.It became fully operational in 1994. Bradford Parkinson, Roger L. Easton, and Ivan A. Getting are credited for inventing it. Advances in technology and new demands on the existing system have now led to efforts to modernize the GPS system and implement the next generation of GPS III satellites and Next Generation Operational Control System (OCX). [2] Announcements from Vice President Al G ore and the White House in 1998 initiated these changes. In 2000, the U. S. Congress authorized the modernization effort, GPS III.In addition to GPS, other systems are in use or under development. The Russian Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS) was developed contemporaneously with GPS, but suffered from incomplete coverage of the globe until the mid-2000s. There are also the planned European Union Galileo positioning system, Chinese Compass navigation system, and Indian Regional Navigational Satellite System. Basic concept of GPS A GPS receiver calculates its position by precisely timing the signals sent by GPS satellites high above the Earth.Each satellite continually transmits messages that include * the time the message was transmitted * satellite position at time of message transmission The receiver uses the messages it receives to determine the transit time of each message and computes the distance to each satellite using the speed of light. Each of these distances and satellites locations define a sphere. The receiver is on the surface of each of these spheres when the distances and the satellites locations are correct. These distances and satellites ocations are used to compute the location of the receiver using the navigation equations. This location is then displayed, perhaps with a moving map display or latitude and longitude; elevation or altitude information may be included, based on height above the geoid (e. g. EGM96). Many GPS units show derived information such as direction and speed, calculated from position changes. In typical GPS operation, four or more satellites must be visible to obtain an accurate result. Four sphere surfaces typically do not intersect. a] Because of this, it can be said with confidence that when the navigation equations are solved to find an intersection, this solution gives the position of the receiver along with the difference between the time kept by the receivers on-board clock and the true time-of-day, the reby eliminating the need for a very large, expensive, and power hungry clock. The very accurately computed time is used only for display or not at all in many GPS applications, which use only the location. A number of applications for GPS do make use of this cheap and highly accurate timing.These include time transfer, traffic signal timing, and synchronization of cell phone base stations. Although four satellites are required for normal operation, fewer apply in special cases. If one variable is already known, a receiver can determine its position using only three satellites. For example, a ship or aircraft may have known elevation. Some GPS receivers may use additional clues or assumptions such as reusing the last known altitude, dead reckoning, inertial navigation, or including information from the vehicle computer, to give a (possibly degraded) position when fewer than four satellites are visible. 45][46][47] Structure The current GPS consists of three major segments. These are the space segment (SS), a control segment (CS), and a user segment (US). [48] The U. S. Air Force develops, maintains, and operates the space and control segments. GPS satellites broadcast signals from space, and each GPS receiver uses these signals to calculate its three-dimensional location (latitude, longitude, and altitude) and the current time. [49] The space segment is composed of 24 to 32 satellites in medium Earth orbit and also includes the payload adapters to the boosters required to launch them into orbit.The control segment is composed of a master control station, an alternate master control station, and a host of dedicated and shared ground antennas and monitor stations. The user segment is composed of hundreds of thousands of U. S. and allied military users of the secure GPS Precise Positioning Service, and tens of millions of civil, commercial, and scientific users of the Standard Positioning Service (see GPS navigation devices). Applications While originally a milit ary project, GPS is considered a dual-use technology, meaning it has significant military and civilian applications.GPS has become a wide ly deployed and useful tool for commerce, scientific uses, tracking, and surveillance. GPSs accurate time facilitates everyday activities such as banking, mobile phone operations, and even the control of power grids by allowing well synchronized hand-off switching. [49] Control segment Ground monitor station used from 1984 to 2007, on display at the Air Force Space amp; Missile Museum. The control segment is composed of 1. a master control station (MCS), 2. an alternate master control station, 3. four dedicated ground antennas and 4. six dedicated monitor stationsDRIVERLESS OR SELF-DRIVING An autonomous car,[1] also known as a robotic car,[2] or informally as driverless or self-driving, is an autonomous vehicle capable of fulfilling the human transportation capabilities of a traditional car. As an autonomous vehicle, it is capable of sensing its e nvironment and navigating without human input. [3] Robotic cars exist mainly as prototypes and demonstration systems, but are likely to become more widespread in the near future. Autonomous vehicles sense their surroundings with such techniques as radar, lidar, GPS, and computer vision.Advanced control systems interpret sensory information to identify appropriate navigation paths, as well as obstacles and relevant signage. [4] Some autonomous vehicles update their maps based on sensory input, allowing the vehicles to keep track of their position even when conditions change or when they enter uncharted environments. The earliest quasi-autonomous demonstration systems date back to the 1930s. [5] Since the 1980s, when Mercedes-Benz and Bundeswehr University Munich built the worlds first modern driverless car,[6] significant advances have been made in both technology and legislation relevant to autonomous cars.Numerous major companies and research organizations have developed working pr ototype autonomous vehicles, including Mercedes-Benz, General Motors, Google, Continental Automotive Systems, Autoliv Inc. , Bosch, Nissan, Toyota, Audi, and Oxford University. [6][7][8][9][10][11][12] As of 2013, three U. S. states have passed laws permitting autonomous cars: Nevada, Florida and California.. Vehicular communication systems Individual vehicles may benefit from information obtained from other vehicles in the vicinity, especially information relating to traffic congestion and safety hazards.Vehicular communication systems use vehicles and roadside units as the communicating nodes in a peer-to-peer network, providing each other with information. As a cooperative approach, vehicular communication systems can allow all cooperating vehicles to be more effective. According to a 2010 study by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, vehicular communication systems could help avoid up to 81 percent of all traffic accidents. [82] In 2012, computer scientists at the University of Texas in Austin began developing smart intersections designed for autonomous cars.The intersections will have no traffic lights and no stop signs, instead using computer programs that will communicate directly with each car on the road. [83] Public opinion surveys In a 2011 online survey of 2,006 consumers in the US and the UK conducted by Accenture, 49% of those surveyed said they would be comfortable using a driverless car. [84] According to a 2012 survey of 17,400 vehicle owners conducted by J. D. Power and Associates, 37% of all survey responders initially said they would be interested in purchasing a fully autonomous car. 85] However, that figure dropped to 20% once they learned the technology would cost an additional $3,000. With an additional cost of $3,000, 25% of the male vehicle buyers were willing to pay for a fully autonomous vehicle, while only 14 percent of women wanted the feature. [85] AIRBAG SYSTEM An airbag is a part of the safety restraint system in cars. Airbags are bags that rapidly fill with air when an accident happens. That way they can prevent injuries that occur because the driver hit a hard object. An airbag is a useful vehicle safety device.Airbags are used in the world increasingly because in accidents, it can help passengers reduce shock. When the sensor feels a strong shock, the gas device explodes. This gas fills the bag immediately. An airbag, also known as a Supplementary/Secondary Restraint System (SRS) or as an Air Cushion Restraint System (ACRS), is a flexible membrane or envelope, inflatable to contain air or some other gas. Air bags are most commonly used for cushioning, in particular after very rapid inflation in the case of an automobile collision. History of airbagsAn American inventor, Dr. Allen S. Breed, invented and developed a key component for automotive use. Breed Corporation then marketed this innovation first in 1967 to Chrysler. A similar Auto-Ceptor crash-restraint, brandon, developed by Eaton, Yale ;amp; Towne Inc. for Ford was soon offered as an automatic safety system in the USA. The Italian Eaton-Livia company offered a variant with . The first patent on an inflatable crash-landing device for airplanes was filed during World War II. In the 1980s, the first commercial airbags appeared in automobiles.Since model year 1990, all new cars sold in the United States have been required to have airbags on both driver and passenger sides. To date, statistics show that airbags reduce the risk of dying in a direct frontal crash by about 30 percent. Today, some cars have six or even eight airbags. How airbags work First, moving objects have momentum (the product of the mass and the velocity of an object). If no outside force acts on an object, the object will continue to move at its present speed and direction (because of inertia). Cars consist of several objects, including the vehicle itself, loose objects in the car and, of course, passengers.If these objects are not restrained, they will continue moving at whatever speed the car is traveling at, even if the car is stopped by a collision. Stopping an objects momentum requires force acting over a period of time. When a car crashes, the force required to stop an object is very great because the cars momentum has changed instantly while the passengers has not (there is not much time to work with). The goal of any supplemental restraint system is to help stop the passenger while doing as little damage to him or her as possible.What an airbag wants to do is to slow the passengers speed to zero with little or no damage. The constraints that it has to work within are huge. The airbag has the space between the passenger and the steering wheel or dashboard and a fraction of a second to work with. Even that tiny amount of space and time is valuable, however, if the system can slow the passenger evenly rather than forcing an abrupt halt to his or her motion. Motorcycle airbag In 2006 the airbag was set up for a motor cycle. This was in the Gold Wing by Honda. 1] Air bags supplement the safety belt by reducing the chance that the occupants head and upper body will strike some part of the vehicles interior. They also help reduce the risk of serious injury by distributing crash forces more evenly across the occupants body. One recent study concluded that as many as 6,000 lives have been saved as a result of airbags. However, the exact number of lives saved is almost impossible to calculate. SPECIAL VEHICLES (EARTH MOVERS/ EXCAVATORS) Excavators are heavy construction equipment consisting of a boom, stick, bucket and cab on a rotating platform (known as the house).The house sits atop an undercarriage with tracks or wheels. A cable-operated excavator uses winches and steel ropes to accomplish the movements. They are a natural progression from the steam shovels and often called power shovels. All movement and functions of a hydraulic excavator are accomplished through the use of hydraulic fluid, with hydraulic cylinders and hydraulic motors. Due to the linear actuation of hydraulic cylinders, their mode of operation is fundamentally different from cable-operated excavators.Excavators are heavy construction equipment consisting of a boom, stick, bucket and cab on a rotating platform (known as the house). The house sits atop an undercarriage with tracks or wheels. A cable-operated excavator uses winches and steel ropes to accomplish the movements. They are a natural progression from the steam shovels and often called power shovels. All movement and functions of a hydraulic excavator are accomplished through the use of hydraulic fluid, with hydraulic cylinders and hydraulic motors.Due to the linear actuation of hydraulic cylinders, their mode of operation is fundamentally different from cable-operated excavators. Configurations Excavators come in a wide variety of sizes. The smaller ones are called mini or compact excavators. Caterpillars smallest mini-excavator weighs 2,060 pound s (930Â  kg) and has 13 hp; their largest model is the largest excavator available (a record previously held by the Orenstein ;amp; Koppel RH400) the CAT 6090, it weighs in excess of 2,160,510 pounds (979,990Â  kg), has 4500Â  hp and has a bucket size of around 52. m? depending on bucket fitted. Engines in excavators drive hydraulic pumps; there are usually 3 pumps: the two main pumps are for supplying oil at high pressure (up to 5000 psi) for the rams, swing motor, track motors, and accessories, and the third is a lower pressure (700 psi) pump for Pilot Control, this circuit used for the control of the spool valves, this allows for a reduced effort required when operating the controls. The two main sections of an excavator are the undercarriage and the house.The undercarriage includes the blade (if fitted), tracks, track frame, and final drives, which have a hydraulic motor and gearing providing the drive to the individual tracks, and the house includes the operator cab, counter weight, engine, fuel and hydraulic oil tanks. The house attaches to the undercarriage by way of a center pin, allowing the machine to slew 360Â ° unhindered. The main boom attaches to the house, and can be one of several different configurations: * Most are mono booms: these have no movement apart from straight up and down. Some others have a knuckle boom which can also move left and right in line with the machine. * Another option is a hinge at the base of the boom allowing it to hydraulically pivot up to 180Â ° independent to the house; however, this is generally available only to compact excavators. * There are also triple-articulated booms (TAB). Attached to the end of the boom is the stick (or dipper arm). The stick provides the digging force needed to pull the bucket through the ground. The stick length is optional depending whether reach (longer stick) or break-out power (shorter stick) is required.On the end of the stick is usually a bucket. A wide, large capacity (mud) bu cket with a straight cutting edge is used for cleanup and levelling or where the material to be dug is soft, and teeth are not required. A general purpose (GP) bucket is generally smaller, stronger, and has hardened side cutters and teeth used to break through hard ground and rocks. Buckets have numerous shapes and sizes for various applications. There are also many other attachments which are available to be attached to the excavator for boring, ripping, crushing, cutting, lifting, etc.Before the 1990s, all excavators had a long or conventional counterweight that hung off the rear of the machine to provide more digging force and lifting capacity. This became a nuisance when working in confined areas. In 1993 Yanmar launched the worlds first Zero Tail Swing excavator,[2] which allows the counterweight to stay inside the width of the tracks as it slews, thus being safer and more user friendly when used in a confined space. This type of machine is now widely used throughout the world. There are two main types of Control configuration generally use in excavators to control the boom and bucket, both of which spread the four main digging controls between two x-y joysticks. This allows a skilled operator to control all four functions simultaneously. The most popular configuration in the US is the SAE controls configuration while in other parts of the world, the ISO control configuration is more common. Some manufacturers such as Takeuchi have switches that allow the operator to select which control configuration to use. Excavator attachmentsHydraulic excavator capabilities have expanded far beyond excavation tasks with buckets. With the advent of hydraulic-powered attachments such as a breaker, a grapple or an auger, the excavator is frequently used in many applications other than excavation. Many excavators feature a quick coupler for simplified attachment mounting, increasing the machines utilization on the jobsite. Excavators are usually employed together with loa ders and bulldozers. Most wheeled, compact and some medium-sized (11 to 18-tonne) excavators have a backfill (or dozer) blade.This is a horizontal bulldozer-like blade attached to the undercarriage and is used for levelling and pushing removed material back into a hole COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEMS A considerable amount of research is addressing eSafety systems of the future. Much work is being carried out on technologies such as collision avoidance systems but their usefulness in addressing high-risk crash scenarios typical of most European roads as well as their feasibility has yet to be determined.Research on collision warning and collision avoidance systems is taking place in Japan, the United States and in the European Union within the European Commissions eSafety programme. Very large estimates of the safety potential of such systems have been claimed following laboratory studies, but the range of technical and behavioural issues involved in many of the concepts require full on- road assessment. To be practical, most of the proposed systems require a well controlled traffic situation, such as that found on motorways, but where the casualty reduction potential is relatively low.For an overview of key issues [41]OECD, 2003 Road safety: impact of new technologies. Various systems are under development: Forward Collision Warning Is a system which comprises a visual and audible warning that the driver is too close to the vehicle in front. The warning depends on how long the distance is between the vehicle and the vehicle ahead. The level of warning changes from safe to critical as the following distance decreases. The Reverse Collision Warning System Is a visual and audible system which warns drivers about the likelihood of collision with an object behind the vehicle by means of sensors in the rear bumper.The warning intensifies when the distance between the vehicles rear and the object decreases. Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) Enhances automatic cruise control f ound in many new vehicles by automatically maintaining a set following distance to the vehicle in front. The distance to the preceding vehicle is measured by radar, laser systems or both. When the speed of the vehicle in front is slower than the adjusted speed, the ACC system adjusts vehicle speed to allow a safe distance to the lead vehicle. Collision Mitigation by brakingIs an evolution of ACC with the addition of a braking system that increases headway by braking; these systems may also detect obstacles within the road and brake accordingly. The speed and separation distance at which the systems operate is determined by the arrangement and type of sensors and the recognition ability of the systems. Lane-Keeping Devices Are electronic warning systems that are activated if the vehicle is about to veer off the lane or the road. Times to collision in safety-critical lane changes are normally much less than one second.Since mean driver reaction time is about one second, there is not s ufficient time for a driver to respond to a warning before crashing. Because there is insufficient time for reaction to a warning, lane change and merging crashes can probably only be avoided by intervening systems. But these have their own problems: how to detect driver intentions and how to intervene. This may be by taking over the steering from the driver or by providing feedback through the steering wheel. The technical and operational feasibility of such systems has still to be demonstrated. Most existing systems are warning only systems.

Path to Power essays

Path to Power essays Filling three high-level voids caused Adolph Hitler to rise to power as the totalitarian dictator of Germany. With his country in the ferment left from World War One, groups at all levels of politics were looking for a savior. Hitler stumbled upon an awareness of his own charisma, saw the opportunities to usurp power, and pursued his assent. The key factors allowing his success were his rise through the German Workers Party, becoming Chancellor of Germany, and orchestrating the combination of the offices of The first factor was Hitlers ordered membership in the German Workers party. In September, 1919, officers of the Munich Command suspected disloyalty among political groups when it came to the military, and they needed a spy. They chose Hitler because of his towering hatred for Jews and Traitors. His mission was to join the German Workers Party and help it grow. Shortly after joining the Party he learned that their goal was to discuss ways of creating a better Germany. Many of the members blamed the Jews and Marxists for the problems of Germany, but they had no plan or program to set things right. Working with this organization caused Hitler to discover something about himself. He never expected that he had a gifted ability to control and influence people for his gain through speech. The more he spoke, the more enthusiastic they became, and the more control he had over them. Hitlers emotions ignited the crowd. People lost control of themselves, trembling, sobbing, weeping, and howling. Men as well as women fainted and fell over in the aisles. They were bewitched. Hitler quit the military and decided to wield the German Workers Party as his weapon to become the The next stepping stone arose when President Paul von Hindenburg decided that the Nazis could no longer be kept out of the government and asked ...

Flexography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Flexography - Essay Example The reason behind the wide acceptance and adoption of this technology is that it caters to a massive market of printing packaging materials. Conventional form of printing could not suffice for such tasks effectively since the packaging materials are made in different types and sizes. The level of precision, quality and pace that can be achieved with the flexography technology cannot be matched with the old methods of printing and other competitive technologies in the modern markets. 2. Overview of Flexography Flexography is defined as a type of ‘rotary web letterpress’ that amalgamates the aspects of letterpress and rotogravure printing (â€Å"Print Process Descriptions: Printing Industry Overview: Flexography†). The material that is used for printing tends to dry faster as it is consists of a low viscosity solvent. There are three types of inks that are used in this form of printing; solvent-based, water-based and ultraviolet-cured. Each one of these inks is drie d off in different ways (â€Å"Overview of Flexographic Printing†). The inks are very thin that makes this form of printing even preferable for four color printing jobs (CMYK). Ink possesses much relevance in any printing process. Since flexography printing produces fine finish printing, the ink has several characteristics; The ink should be able to create a visual effect or color. The ink must be compatible with the material on which it is being printed. Production packaging tends to suffer different environmental conditions due to its frequent displacement, therefore the printing needs to survive the presence of chemicals, scratching and fluctuation of temperature in the surroundings. 3. Applications of Flexography Flexography is considered to be the simplest and cheapest mode of printing packaging materials. There are several applications of flexography; some of them are mentioned below (â€Å"Printers - Flexographic Printing†): Ridged containers Folding cartons Mul tiwall sacks Paper sacks and plastic bags Milk and beverage cartons Disposable cups and containers Labels Wrappers of food items The quality of the printing is commendable and irrespective of the irregular or complex shape of the object. Another form of flexography printing exists that is designed to be used for publications, for example newspapers, comics, booklets, promotional catalogues etc. Food and candy wrappers are usually required to be printed with bright colors; flexography achieves this with factor with ease. Organizations tend to prefer this technology due to the lowering of the cost of the packaging which is coupled with competitive results. 4. Relevance of Flexography in the Graphic Information Technology Industry Flexography technology has improved to a great extent over the years due to which it has brought about greater level of precision, efficiency and quality in the graphic information technology industry (Polischuk). The improvement of this technology from satis factory image definition and effective management of shorter runs of printing to excellent finish over massive printing activities has given the consumer an appealing alternate in the printing industry. The monopoly of the competitor technologies (like gravure and offset technologies) has been broken by the improvement of flexography (Polischuk). The designs that were traditionally considered to be impossible without the usage of gravure and offset technologies, have been proven to be achieved by flexography printing. Flexography is able to cater to the innovative design features of the modern age, as well as the contemporary one with details and precision. The processes and quality of flexography printing is able to meet the rapidly changing requirements of the modern markets since there is increasing demand of better quality and endeavors to

Corporate finance (Accounting) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Corporate finance (Accounting) - Essay Example By capital budgeting of an entity we mean a detailed planning of capital assets. The decision about capital budgeting helps in determining whether or not the money should be invested in long term projects. When we consider the Research and Development projects of G&H PLC for the purpose of better decision making, we find that the fundamental project evaluation techniques like Pay back period, ARR (Accounting or Average Rate of Return), NPV (Net Present Value), or IRR (Internal Rate of Return) are applicable. The initial outlay or initial investment of the project of G&H Plc is 4m, i.e. 4000000. Pay Back Period= 4000000, i.e. ( '000s), Option A= 4000/468= 8.547 years approximately, and for option B= 4000/305= 13.114years approximately. If both options are considered in fact option A has 8.5years and B has more than 13years, but option B has a much higher return than option A, so it should be preferred. Assume that net income for the first year is taken for both options, and there is no scrap taking place. Both these options are not equal since the profit in Option B starts accruing at a much higher level as compared to the profits of Option A. So, ARR fails to give stress for the concept of Time Value of Money. 1RR= It means, the sum total of cash inflows after discounting equals to the discounted cash outflows. Under IRR, the discount rate makes the NPV of the project equal to zero. Assume that, here, in both options the discounted value is in between 10% and 12%. Take inflow of 10% given in the table above and 12% factor for Option A assumes 750.9 and Option B assumes 1750.3 approximately. IRR= r+ PVCFAT_ PVCO/PV*r Here, PVCO= present Value of cash outlay.

Examining The True Definition Of What Globalization Means Cultural Studies Essay

Examining The True Definition Of What Globalization Means Cultural Studies Essay It seems that nowadays just anybody can say something about globalization, or at least they think they can. No matter if they are scholars, social scientists, activists, politicians or ordinary people. A lot of people use the term globalization to push their own political agendas, like far left/right wing politics or feminism (see as an example Ruether 2005), in scientific (or better, scientific) journals that dont respect the scientific rigor. Others think that globalization is bringing cultural uniformity, but it seems that this is not true, there is a change in diversity (see Schuerkens 2003). But, when we are looking out for a definition of globalization we find a great confusion, and the more we search the more the image of globalization gets blurred, and theres no agreement on a unified definition of globalization. So while there is no agreement about what globalization is, the entire discourse of globalization is founded on a quite solid agreement that globalization is (Bartel son, 2000:180). It seems that the word globalization was used for the first time in 1962 in an article entitled The US Eyes Greater Europe, in The Spectator (Cerami cited by Van Der Bly 2005:877)  [2]  . Now, 47 years later, the word globalization is used on the Internet much more than the older words socialism (first time mentioned in 1837) and communism (first time mentioned in 1840) together, and even more than capitalism (first time mentioned in 1854) (Van Der Bly 2005:878)  [3]  . Economists already have a more or less commonly accepted definition of globalization and that is an international economic integration that can be pursued through policies of openness, the liberalization of trade, investment and finance, leading to an open economy (Van Der Bly 2005:875). They are developing also indicators in order to measure the openness of an economy such as trade flows, amount of foreign direct investment, portfolio capital flows and investment. Sociologists, on the other hand, didnt succeed to build a common definition. As a matter of fact also the existing definitions have some problems, as we will see, with their scope, extension, field, etc. We can still dream about the sociological indicators of globalization  [4]  . Lets see first some of the most important definitions and features of globalization. For the dialectic Globalization-as-a-Condition vs. Globalization-as-a-Process Van Der Bly dissects Tomlinsons definition of globalization that is (as cited by Van Der Bly 2005:880) an empirical condition of the modern world, which I call complex connectivity. By this I mean that globalization refers to the rapidly developing and ever-densening network of interconnections and interdependencies that characterizes modern social life. Van Der Bly finds logical flaws in this definition because it defines globalization explicitly as a condition, but the rest seems talking about a process. So, is globalization a condition of the modern world or a process? If it isa condition in wht it is different from modernization or modernity? If it is a process the term leads to a neglect of the present, and that leads to the second dialectic. In the dialectic Globalization-as-Reality vs Globalization-as-Futurology, Van Der Bly explains that sociological studies of globalization can easily fall in the trap of futurology because it is not clear to what extent the reality relates to the concept of reality that is skatched (2005:882). When globalization is defined as a process it is implied that it refers to an outcome that is in the future which, by definition, cannot be measurable and definable. For this reason the possibilities to use the concept globalization as a research framework are restricted, so sociologists must turn to futurology and use its research methods such as scenarios, trend analysis, chaos theory, simulation games and mathematical modelling. So, because we must go in the future it is very unlikely that there will be reached a consensus over the definition of the concept. Another problem that rises with the concept of globalization as a process, and we fall in the realm of futurology, is that usually it is not presented to the public as futurology, so it creates fear (nightmare scenarios) or false hopes (utopias). In either way, as Van Der Bly says, it creates the iamge of a powerless individual, or evena powerless society, which has no free will to construct its, always unknown, future (2005:883). For the dialectic One-Dimensional Globalization vs. Multidimensional Globalization Van Der Bly says that even though a concept of a multidimensional globalization is more or less accepted by sociologists, it makes even more difficult to to clarify the term and give it a meaning because it reduces the possible significances. How could that happen? Well, lets think about globalization of economical flows, then about globalization of politics, then about the globalization of arts and culture, and so on What do these globalizations have in common? Not much, the least we can say. This multidimensional approach, as Van Der Bly says, surely fits the reality and its interconectedness among different fields of society and human behavior, but then it blurs the term with intrinsic contradictions and paradoxes that are absent in a more one-dimensional definition of globlization (as the economic one). So, we can conclude that multidimensionality leads to an underestimation of internal contradicti ons of globalization. (Van Der Bly 2005). Van Der Blys suggestions for the future of globalization are the following: sociologists should consider the idea of globalization as the idea of an open society, and discuss which empirical parameters indicate the level of openness of a society  [5]  , as economists have done with the openness of the markets. Sociologists should aim to strive for a commonly accepted definition that explicitly creates space for human agency and focuses on clarity (2005:891). Bartelson (2000) distinguishes three senses of the idea of globalization in the sociology of International Relations (macrosociology): Globalization as Transference Globalization as Transformation Globalization as Transcendence Globalization as transference means that globalization is an intensified transference or exchange of things between preconstitued units, be they political, economic or cultural. Thus conceived, globalization signifies a process of change that originates at the level of the unit, mainly in terms of the unintended consequences of the interaction between units. (Bartelson 2000:184). In this sense globalization is not very different from older concepts as internationalization and interdependence. Globalization as Transformation means that globalization is a process of transformation that occurs at the systems level, and it affects the system as much as it affects the identity of the units (Bartelson 2000:186). Globalization as transcendence means that globalization as a concept implies the transcendence of the distinctions that together condition unit [in the Interntional Relations sense], system and dimension identity (Bartelson 2000:189). It is a concept that dissolves the divide between inside and outside. It also despatializes and detemporalizes human practices as well as the conditions of human knowledge, and it projects them onto the global as a condition of its existance (ibid.). Bartelson thinks that globalization has a position that the concepts of civilization and revolution had before and during the French Revolution, since these concepts also lacked stable referents, but functioned as vehicles of social change by signifying change in its purest, most necessary and irreversible form: change as the condition of possible objects and possible identities in a possible future (Bartelson 2000:193). We can note the futurologist approach. For Sparks the various theories of globalization are not an accurate guide to the investigation of the world (Sparks 2007). Sparks distinguishes weak and strong theories of globalization. Weak theories are concerned with structures of domination, with the centrality of the economic in social explanation, with the destruction of less profitable forms of cultural production by the large capitalist corporations, and with the articulation between these capitalist corporations, and the political and military power of the state (Sparks 2005:135). These weak theories, according to Sparks, are better understood as a development of the imperialism paradigm. On the other hand, the strong theories, according to Sparks, have sufficient common underlying features to constitute a paradigm. From the point of view of media and culture Sparks finds five main elements for this new pardigm called globalization (2007:136-138): Understanding globalization requires a new methodology that is radically non-reductive, otherwise well be unable to find evidence of any direct relationship between, say, Backs autonomous logics of media products (culture), their international trade (economics) and the exercise of state power (politics). Symbolic exchanges, and international circulation of media products, are today central to the functioning of the global world in the way that the exchanges of raw materials and manufactured commodities were central to earlier epochs. The global epoch is characterized by the fact there is no dominating or controlling centre to the contemporary world In the global epoch, it is no longer viable to talk of isolated national units, either of economic life or culture. The global epoch is marked by the erosion of the power of the Westphalian state system, in economics, politics and in culture. [Sparks took this idea from Beck] Sparks concludes that none of the five elements mentioned above hold water. He takes one element after the other and deconstructs them (see Sparks 2007:138-150). In short, the USA is still the single greatest economic power in the world  [6]  , culture industries are not greater than other sectors, immigration is not a new phenomenon in the USA nor in EU countries, or anywhere else (and, after all, the majority of world migrations happen inside the various states), teh process of urbanization is not new, it has at least 200 years (Marx wrote about it more or less 200 years ago), the states are more interdependent but nevertheless they are still states, Internet may be global, but a quarter of the population of the planet dont have electricity (so, no Internet for them), etc The final conclusion is that [t]heories of globalization, as currently advanced by such writers as Giddens, Beck and Appadurai, are far from providing an accurate picture of the contemporary world that they ar e virtually useless (Sparks 2007:152). What can we say at the end? Well, it seems that current concepts of sociology are not necessarily obsolete and a paradigm shift is not systematically required (Martin et. al. 2006:513). Sociologists have discussed the concepts present in the Globalization Theory for at least 90 years. Many authors had the good idea to think a little bit more about the concept of globalization, and they found out that the concept is pretty empty. So, we can pose a question: Is globalization a concept that should be used in the social sciences? We can use plain mathematics too. If the term globalization hasnt a particular meaning, or various classical theories can easily digest various meanings and theories of globalization, in my humble opinion then, globalization is nothing, zero. And what do you get when you multiply zero by any number? Right, you get zero. Thats whats going on in the social sciences with the concept of globalization, we get a lot of theories built on sand, and eventually they will fall one day. Also Van Der Bly says (2005:879) that [t]he disadvantages [of the concept of globalization] arise exactly because confusion is caused by the combination of broad and yet undefined and implicit points of reference in the subject. If something means everything, eventually it becomes nothing []. We should bear in mind the bad fate of another unclear, blurry concept from the recent past, that of postmodernity that lost all its credibility, and makes laugh people from other scientific fields (for example, see Sokal 2008). Sociologists, in my humble opinion, should avoid another trap of that kind. My suggestion is to avoid the concept of globalization in any form, to use theories that hold water and that have shown a great endurance in the past time, and maybe to get along with analytical sociology, but thats another paper.

Poliomyelitis Essay -- Communicable Diseases, Nursing

Brief summary of poliomyelitis The purpose of this paper is identifying poliomyelitis which is a fecal-oral group communicable disease worldwide and discussing health interventions to control and eliminate outbreaks and considering ethical dilemmas. The pathogen of poliomyelitis is poliovirus, an enterovirous that is transmitted by fecal-oral route through feces. Respiratory inhalation occurs and the virus initially replicates in the oro-pharynx and then invades the gastrointestinal tract. It can be transmitted via fecal-oral, airborne, water-borne processes, and asymptomatic carrier. (WHO, 2009) Clinical manifestations range from asymptomatic self-limited disease and mild symptoms of combined fever, malaise, fatigue, nausea, headache, flu-like symptoms, stiff neck and back, and pain to severe fetal paralytic disease which may cause death from respiratory failure. Children under five years of age are most at risk. (WHO, 2010) Paralytic poliomyelitis produces muscles pain and affects the lower part of body like the legs. Poliovirus incubates for five to thirty days and becomes communicable two days after disclosure and can remain communicable up to six weeks. Poliomyelitis can be diagnosis by clinical evaluation of viral cultures like spinal fluids, stool samples, throat swabs, and serum antibody levels. (Webber, R., 2010). Public health interventions In Unites States, poliomyelitis is not endemic therefore even one case can become an epidemic. Geographically more than 125 countries remained polio-endemic in 1988. Overall global incidents have decreased by 99% since 1988. Between 2009 and 2010 twenty three poliomyelitis free countries were re-infected due to imported virus. The countries of Afghanistan, India, Nigeria and Paki... ...rol: A global perspective (3rded) Cambridge, MA: CABI publishing World Health Organization - Case definition for the four diseases requiring notification in all circumstances under the International Health Regulation (2005). Retrieved from http://www.who.int/ihr/Case_Definitions.pdf POLIOMYELITIS Report Immediately Retrieved from health.utah.gov/epi/diseases/polio/plan/PolioPlan061510.pdf The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) studied the illness and death rates before and after widespread implementation of national vaccine recommendations (in place before 2005) for 13 vaccine-preventable diseases; diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, poliomyelitis, measles, mumps, rubella (including congenital rubella syndrome), invasive Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), acute hepatitis B, hepatitis A, varicella (chickenpox), Streptococcus pneumoniae and smallpox.

Transformations of the American West

Brittany Exam 3 Essay 9 Dec 2012 Transformations of the American West The three most important transformations of the American West were the completion of the railway system, economically, the diversity of the people, socially, and the conservation of land, politically. All of these transformations have made an unmistakable impact of the American West and what it is today. The largest economic transformation in American Western history was the building of the railroad systems. It was the key factor in united the East and West. The railroads were by far the biggest, most impressive technological achievement ever for that time period.The pace at which goods, people, livestock, etc. changed from the steady speed of a horse, ox, or mule to the most powerful driving force the country had ever seen. The United States would finally be a united continental nation. Barren fields that flowed as far as the eye could see were turned into boon towns like Wichita, Abilene and Dodge. People of an e normous diversity traveled to the West. Civil War veterans, former European peasants, poor families all wanted to own land and start farms. And so they did, fields that had once been nothing but grass became rolling fields of wheat.Railroads carried hundreds of thousands of western longhorn cattle to markets in the east for sale. This was the key to making the â€Å"cowboy† much more famous than just a young, dusty, man with nothing but a saddle and a horse. Buffalo hunters also traveled by railroad. So many people traveled to hunt the animal, that it almost became extinct. The building of these railroads was no easy feat. The mountains of the Sierra Nevada were a big slow-down for the production by the Central Pacific railroad company. Making that even more difficult, was the fact that the companies had a hard time holding onto workers.About 3 out of 5 used the company for a free ride to the West and then disappeared. The plans called for about 5,000 workers, but only about 600 were showing up. That’s when the Chinese immigrants came into play. A large part of their population was making a living looking for leftover gold and silver. At first, they were thought to be incapable due to their size and inexperience, but they proved that to be untrue. Before long, nearly 11,000 Chinese were employed by the Central Pacific and there were advertisements in China offering employment for immigrants.This large work force in addition to lots of black powder gave them what they needed to make it through the mountains in about 3 years. Beef prices were low due to the amount of cattle in the West so, to compensate cattle needed to be sold in eastern marketplaces where they weren’t as present. In less than 20 years, 6 million steers and cows were moved along cattle trails to railheads for shipping. As the railroads were being laid in the Great Plains, people were flocking to the west. People who had never before seen a buffalo. They shot the bison for s port, even organizing hunting excursions.People enjoyed it. So when word got out that people were being paid to kill bison because of their interference with the railroads, their meat, and their hides, they were slaughtered extremely quickly. The government even provided free ammunition. The bison population dropped from about 25 million to almost 100, nearly causing extinction. All of these aspects not only created many jobs, but also drew enormous profits, while moving crowds of people to the west. The railroad was an economic machine and absolutely transformed the west.The biggest social transformation of the American West was the amount of diversity in the people moving west. The West represented a lot of the same qualities that the original new America represented. Anyone could be a land owner, have a fresh start, escape racial inequality, find a job, etc. People of all races and religions were pursuing the same dream. The Homestead Act played a large part in attracting people to move to the west, by way of railroad, and work the land in order for nearly free ownership rights. The population skyrocketed in the west.States even competed to get the most people to move to their state. Immigrants moving to those states included Scottish, European Jews, German-Russian Mennonites, Swedish, Dutch, French, Bohemian, Norwegian, and many Americans from the East. Cowboys also came in an array of ethnicities. They were confederate veterans, assimilated Indians, freed slaves, and white men, and they all rode the long dusty trails together just trying to make a buck. After the civil war, many freed slaves and former buffalo soldiers moved to the West and worked the land in peace from racial inequality.All these people played a part in settling and transforming to West, making it the diverse place it is today. The biggest political transformation of American Western history was that of the environmental/conservation politics. The country had never had such a need for la nd conservation because before, we had so much unsettled land, but as people moved westward, things changed. Land was being destroyed to build railroads, trees were being cleared, animals were being hunted, land was being settled very quickly, and natural resources we diminishing.The frontier was being lost, and it would take government and political action to help preserve some of the land that was remaining. Lumber and coal companies wanted to do anything and everything they could to maximize jobs, growth, and profits. Conservationists, scientists, and outdoorsmen wanted to reduce waste, emphasize beauty for tourists, and protect wildlife. Theodore Roosevelt was an avid hunter, and he fought for the conservation movement when he saw the destruction of the natural animal habitat in the West.Roosevelt used his entire career to make this a national agenda, and it is still present in politics today. The Newlands Reclamation Act in 1902 created dams to help irrigate and preserve 230 mi llion acres of farm land. The Yellowstone Act set aside a large portion of land in the Wyoming/Montana area to be a park. It was created to preserve timber, mineral deposits, and natural wonders, like the geysers in the park. It was enacted by the Senate and Congress in 1872. It was the first national park.In 1889 preservationist started organizing a movement to save the sequoia trees in the Yosemite Valley of Californian, eventually leading to the creating of Yosemite National Park. In 1891 Congress passed the Forest Reserve Act. This allowed the President of the United States to set aside forests which cannot be destructed. There became political groups, conservationist and preservationists, that had really never before existed. Conservation and preservation were political transformations that still hold true to be extremely important in American politics today.

Cognitive Model Of Abnormality Essay - 996 Words

Many of which are counteracted by various stressors and risk factors (e.g., injury, involuntary career termination, performance expectations, and possible overtraining) that may increase the risk of mental disorders compared to the general population (Wolanin, Gross Hong, 2015). Taken together, stress and anxiety affect everyone daily, but research has found that many athletes struggle with these conditions more than the rest of the population (Fullerton, 2010). So, in an attempt to understand the treatment of psychopathology and abnormal behavior among athletes, it’s reasonable to look at the cognitive model of abnormality, a key factor in changing an athlete’s distorted thoughts and perceptions. Cognitive Model of Abnormality Cognitive†¦show more content†¦Another significant factor that can seriously affect any performance, as we all know, is when specific situations trigger those automatic thoughts and cause emotional reactions, resulting in survival reflexes (i.e., fight, flight or freeze). Thus, a critical determinant in athletic performance is the automatic processing of information that is obtained, stored and retrieved. Having considered this, it’s also reasonable to look at issues that contribute to the impairment of optimal performance. Otherwise known as the discrepancy between what the performer knows to do and how they are going to do it, when under an immense amount of pressure. According to Hays Baltzell (2016), performance and the anticipation of performance increases levels of physiological and cognitive arousal, resulting in increased levels of anxiety and the over-thinking that goes with it. Noting the compelling nature of the cognitive model, clinical sport psychologists recommend helping athletes to recognize these automatic thoughts and learn various techniques to manage or change those thoughts into positive self-statements. Therefore, clinical sport psychologists working with athletes, not only seek to enhance an athlete’s mental performance, but also assist athletes with psychological disorders, looking to overcome their problems by developing new, more functional ways of thinking (Comer, 2015). Beck Weishaar (2014) in particular, have focused on this cognitive approach which affordsShow MoreRelatedCognitive Theories And Theories Of Psychology1526 Words   |  7 Pagesbehavior, cognitive, humanistic, and biological approaches. The ultimate goal of each method is to help individuals change unhealthy thoughts, behaviors, and emotions. However, these different approaches use different techniques to form assumptions and explanations about abnormality. In this essay, cognitive and psychodynamic are the two approaches that will be discussed. Even though these two approaches have a few similarities, their differences are more obvious. COGNITIVE APPROACH The cognitive theoryRead MoreThe Biological And Psychological Explanations Of Schizophrenia1405 Words   |  6 PagesIn this essay I will try to explain schizophrenia and talk about the main biological and psychological explanations, also showing how similar and different they are. Schizophrenia is defined in the oxford dictionary as a long-term mental disorder of a type involving a breakdown in the relation between thought, emotion, and behaviour, leading to faulty perception, inappropriate actions and feelings, withdrawal from reality and personal relationships into fantasy and delusion, and a sense of mentalRead MoreAnorexia Nervosa (Phychology)1084 Words   |  5 PagesPSYCHOLOGY EXAM ESSAY PLAN TWO OR MORE EXPLANATIONS FOR MENTAL DISORDERS There are several approaches in psychology which attempt to explain mental disorders. The biological approach sees a mental disorder as a medical problem, it assumes mental illness to have a physical cause and the treatment offered is physical. Behavioural approach emphasise learned behaviour, its treatment is based on conditioning principles. New adaptive behaviours are learned. Other approaches which propose causesRead MoreThe Case Study Of James, A Twenty Year Old Male University Student Essay1625 Words   |  7 PagesPSYCH 108- JAMES CASE STUDY This essay will explore the case study of James, a Twenty year old male university student who has been referred by his GP to the counselling services for having a chronic low mood. Becks Basic cognitive model is an idea that aims to provide linkage between key negative events in a person’s history and mental illnesses, most particularly depressions. (Watkins, 1997)The first step of the model is labelled early life experiences and the development of core and conditionalRead MorePsy410 Worksheet693 Words   |  3 PagesWeek One Assignment Worksheet Matching Match the definitions to the correct theoretical model. 1. ___J__ Experiences as a child affect life. Child is influenced by caretaker but also has a part in development. 2. __F___ 2–3 years of age and the body wants to retain and eliminate. 3. __K___ When a stimulus elicits a specific response 4. __H___ 6–12 years of age; skills and activities are the focus, rather than sexual exploration. 5. __O___ Overall, people are good. Humans strive forRead MoreWilliams Syndrome As A Neurodevelopmental Disorder Essay892 Words   |  4 Pagesdiagnosed generally at 6.4 years old (Morris, Demsey, Leonard, Dilts Blackburn, 1988). People with WS usually show a developmental delay at the early age and are affected all life long. Williams Syndrome is characterised by some abnormalities in physical, behavioural, and cognitive. Individuals with WS will suffer various cardia, vascular and gastrointestinal problems (Wessel et al. 1994, Hallidie-Smith et al., 1998,). They also have some distinctive facial features, including a small upturned nose, longRead MoreA Clinical Case Study On Mild Cognitive Impairment Essay1409 Words   |  6 Pagesmajor changes in the way our brains work may be signs of cognitive changes. This essay showcases a clinical case study on Mild Cognitive Impairment. It describes the process of cognitive development according to theorist Jean Piaget. It overviews the three basic cognitive function of the brain. It explains several cognitive impairments related to the elderly. Last, it details cognitive assessment used to detection and measurement of cognitive impairments in the elderly. Case Study A 78-year-oldRead MoreRichard s Behavior At School1530 Words   |  7 Pagesinstructions are provided; he does not clean his room and frequently does not follow his baseball coaches’ instructions. Richard also has difficulty maintaining organization—his room and backpack are messy, his assignments, including the timed in-class essay, are disorganized, and his writing is not legible. Richard regularly loses his homework assignments and has difficulty locating his school supplies, such as the notebook paper, which are necessary items for tasks and activities at school. ExtraneousRead MoreDifferent Approaches to Mental Disorders in Psychology2113 Words   |  9 PagesGiven the amount of different mental disorders, the search to understand what causes them all seems vast. This essay will aim to present the assumptions that different models make about the origins and treatment of psychological disorders. Although there are a number of paradigms in the area of abnormal psyc hology, the biological, psychodynamic, behavioural and cognitive are the four major models which place distinct interpretations. Each of the different approaches is considered to the degree that itRead MoreWhat is normal about abnormality?1905 Words   |  8 Pages Abnormal and Clinical Psychology â€Å"What is normal about abnormality?† This essay will explain why it is difficult to define, classify and diagnose normal and abnormal behaviour. It will evaluate abnormality through cultural issues and diagnostic techniques and strive to, illustrate the possible causes of mental disorders. Abnormal and normal behaviour is not easily defined. What is abnormal? It is to deviate from the norm. What is normal? Normality is dependent on religious beliefs, developmental